Assessment tools for differential diagnosis of neglect: Focusing on egocentric neglect and allocentric neglect

Table 1 Analysis of studies about assessment tools to distinguish between egocentric neglect and allocentric neglect

Name of assessment	Ref.	Type of participants	Type of assessment	Cut-off score	Time limit	Outcomes
Ota test	Ota et al[9], 2001	n = 2. Stroke patients (only RBD)	Pencil and paper	EN: The number of omitted complete targets; AN: The number of selected incomplete targets	No limit	The test is developed in order to distinguish EN and AN with one task
Apples test	Bickerton et al[12], 2011	n = 111. Experimental group: 25 (stroke patients-LBD: 7, RBD: 18); Control group: 86 (healthy participants)	Pencil and paper	Left EN: > 2; Right EN: < -2; Left AN: > 1; Right AN: < -1	5 min	The test provides a clinically applicable measure of different forms of neglect (EN and AN)
Broken hearts test	Demeyere et al[13], 2015	n = 348. Experimental group: 208 (acute stroke patients-LBD: 84, RBD: 101, Both: 19, Unknown: 4); Control group: 140 (healthy participants)	Pencil and paper	Left EN: > 3; Right EN: < -3; Left AN: > 1; Right AN: < -1	3 min	The test presented the validity and applicability of the OCS in acute stroke assessment
Computerised cancellation test	Mizuno et al[24], 2015	n = 19. Experimental group: 3 (stroke patients-only RBD, AND has neglect: 2, AND without neglect: 1); Control group: 16 (healthy participants)	Digital test (touchscreen)	EN: The number of omitted complete targets; AN: The number of selected incomplete targets (Ota test only)	No mention	The test is developed a computer-based programme to evaluate EN and AN
MonAmour robot test	Montedoro et al[25], 2019	n = 91. Experimental group: 35 (stroke patients-LBD: 12, RBD: 23, AND has EN: 25, AND without EN: 10; Control group: 56 (healthy participants)	Digital test(Robot)	Left EN: ≥ 1Right EN: ≤ -1Left AN: ≥ 1Right AN: ≤ -1	7 s (each trial)	The test is a valid, sensitive, and reliable tool that can diagnose EN and AN
3s spreadsheet test v2	Chen et al[23], 2021	n = 209. Experimental group: 23 (stroke patients, only RBD); Control group: 186 (healthy participants)	Pencil and paper test	Left EN: > 3; Right EN: < -3; Left AN: > 5; Right AN: < -3	No limit (mean ± SD): 202.0 ± 64.6 s	The test may increase the comprehensiveness of the neglect assessment
ReMoVES platform	Ferraro et al[26], 2021	n = 18. Experimental group: 12 (neglect patients); Control group: 6 (healthy participants)	Digital test (touchscreen)	Left EN: > 2; Right EN: < -2; Left AN: > 1; Right AN: < -1 (apples test only)	5 min (apples test only)	Traditional and digital versions are correlated and they yield very similar results, thus denoting them to be interchangeable

RBD: Right brain damaged; LBD: Left brain damaged; EN: Egocentric neglect; AN: Allocentric neglect.