Gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma diagnosis, treatment and prognosis based on the SEER database: A literature review

Table 3 Clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of GB-NEC

Clinical features of GB-NEC	Immunohistochemical	Biomarker
Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen[4,7,10,18,22,33-43]	CgA synaptophysin, CD5 (most frequent)[4,17,22,33,34,44-47]	CA-125[4,18]
Physical examination found[34,39]	cytokeratin 7 (CK7 cytoplasmic positivity)[4,33,37,38,40,41,44,48,49]	CA-199[4,10,18]
Weight loss[27,45,48]	TTF-1[33,38,41,48]	CEA[4,18,36,46]
Poor appetite[4,18,33,50]	Cytokeratin[4,18,38,48]	Blood CgA[45,49]
Jaundice[4,27]	CD117[38]	soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R)[34]
Fever[40]	loss of Rbl expression with intense pl6 labeling[38]	NSE[4,17,34]
Carcinoid syndrome[7,17]	EMA[10,49]
Abnormal liver function[41]	CA199[42]
nausea and vomiting[36]	P53[10]

Immunohistochemical positive markers are described in the second column. Elevated tumor markers in serum are depicted in the third column. GB-NEC: Gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma; CgA: Chromogranin A.