Whipple’s operation with a modified centralization concept: A model in low-volume Caribbean centers

Table 3 Proportion of pancreatico-duodenectomies performed outside of high-volume centers

Author	Country	PDs performed by low volume hospital, %	Average surgeon volume	Average hospital volume
Sosa et al[3], 1998	Maryland, United States	47.3	1 per year	1 per year
Riall et al[17], 2007	Texas, United States	36.7	NR	< 5 PD per year
Birkmeyer et al[5], 1999	Medicare database, United States	> 50	NR	< 2 PD per year
Ho et al[7], 2003	Florida and California, United States	77	NR	10% in hospitals doing 1 PD per year
Bliss et al[24], 2014, For period < 2004	Nationwide inpatient sample database, United States	40.8	NR	NR
Bliss et al[24], 2014, For period > 2011	Nationwide inpatient sample database, United States	26.9	NR	NR
Glasgow et al[9], 1996	California, United States	88	NR	< 2 PD per year
Fong et al[4], 2005	National Medicare Database, United States	89	1 per year	1 PD per year

PD: Pancreatico-duodenectomy; NR: Not reported.