Risk factors for delayed intracranial hemorrhage secondary to ventriculoperitoneal shunt: A retrospective study

Table 2 Univariate analysis of variable relating to delayed intracranial hemorrhage in ventriculoperitoneal shunt patients

Variables	DICH group (n = 26)	Non-DICH group (n = 133)	P value
Demographics
Age (yr)	51.35 ± 12.08	53.89 ± 15.17	0.420
Male gender, n (%)	17 (65.38)	66 (49.62)	0.145
Primary clinical diagnosis, n (%)
Traumatic brain injury	6 (23.07)	43 (17.29)
Intracranial hemorrhage	5 (19.23)	30 (22.56)
SAH (aneurysm rupture)	10 (38.46)	29 (21.80)
SAH (AVM rupture)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Cerebral infarction	0 (0)	0 (0)
Tumor	2 (7.69)	8 (6.02)
Infection	0 (0)	4 (3.01)
Primary hydrocephalus	3 (11.54)	19 (14.29)
Pre-Craniotomy, n (%)	9 (34.62)	56 (42.11)	0.479
Pre-Decompression, n (%)	8 (30.77)	50 (37.59)	0.510
Pre-EVD, n (%)	16 (61.54)	42 (31.58)	0.005a
Pre-Cranioplasty, n (%)	2 (7.69)	23 (17.29)	0.233
LP pressure (mmH2O)	141.54 ± 60.94	139.42 ± 64.94	0.877
CSF protein (g/L)	0.56 ± 0.46	0.64 ± 0.60	0.509
CSF glucose (mmol/L)	3.87 ± 1.45	3.88 ± 1.35	0.980
CSF nucleated cells (106/L)	16.31 ± 20.16	11.68 ± 17.15	0.229
WBC (109/L)	8.37 ± 3.10	7.97 ± 2.82	0.510
Neutrophils (109/L)	5.55 ± 2.97	5.41 ± 2.63	0.808
Lymphocyte (109/L)	1.89 ± 0.55	1.75 ± 0.59	0.237
NLR	3.40 ± 2.79	3.48 ± 2.20	0.868
RBC (1012/L)	4.04 ± 1.54	3.88 ± 0.69	0.415
HGB (g/L)	112.88 ± 15.44	114.71 ± 18.15	0.629
PLT (109/L)	276.31 ± 68.61	280.92 ± 102.97	0.826
PLR	160.46 ± 69.01	184.02 ± 105.17	0.276
PT(s)	11.64 ± 1.24	11.40 ± 1.26	0.373
INR	1.01 ± 0.11	0.99 ± 0.11	0.381
Fib (g/L)	4.88 ± 7.40	3.67 ± 1.60	0.183
Potassium (mmol/L)	3.85 ± 0.42	3.81 ± 0.43	0.678
Sodium (mmol/L)	136.68 ± 5.19	138.34 ± 5.30	0.145
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.23 ± 0.12	2.2238 ± 0.17	0.795
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	5.92 ± 1.45	6.17 ± 2.34	0.589
SBP (mmHg)	137.46 ± 21.35	140.14 ± 24.84	0.607
DBP (mmHg)	86.50 ± 13.22	85.71 ± 14.08	0.790
Hypertension, n (%)	10 (38.46)	49 (36.84)	0.876
Other basic disease, n (%)	3 (11.54)	16 (12.03)	0.944
Smoker, n (%)	7 (26.92)	31 (23.31)	0.693
Prior Blood transfusion, n (%)	6 (23.08)	48 (36.09)	0.205
Operation time (min)	73.46 ± 34.58	74.35 ± 26.86	0.882
Location of VP shunt, n (%)			0.170
Frontal	23 (88.46)	101 (75.94)
Occiptal	3 (11.54)	32 (24.06)
Other VP complications, n (%)	1 (3.85)	10 (7.52)	0.508
Brain edema around catheter, n (%)	15 (57.69)	34 (25.56)	0.000a
Pre-mRS, n (%)			0.523
0-2	8 (30.77)	56 (42.11)
3-5	18 (69.23)	77 (57.89)

^aP < 0.05.

AVM: Arteriovenous malformation; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; DICH: Delayed intracranial hemorrhage; EVD: External ventricular drain; HGB: Hemoglobin; LP: Lumbar puncture; INR: International normalized ratio; NLR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; PLR: Platelet to lymphocyte ratio; PLT: Platelet; PT: Prothrombin time; RBC: Red blood cell; SAH: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; VP: Ventriculoperitoneal; WBC: White blood cell.