Application of a novel computer-assisted surgery system in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A controlled study

Table 3 Perioperative characteristics of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in two groups

Characteristics	CAS group (n = 30)	Control group(n = 30)	P value
Success rate of one puncturing attempt, n (%)	27 (90)	20 (67)	0.028
Operation time, min, mean ± SD	89.20 ± 29.60	92.33 ± 33.08	0.859
Decrease in hemoglobin, g/L, mean ± SD	11.07 ± 8.32	9.03 ± 11.72	0.300
Bleeding1, n (%)	1 (3)	1 (3)	1.000
Urinary tract infection1, n (%)	2 (7)	2 (7)	1.000
Injury1, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	-
Initial stone-free rate, n (%)	26 (87)	19 (63)	0.037

¹Complications were counted and analyzed when Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ 2.

CAS: Computer-assisted surgery; SD: Standard deviation.