High-frame-rate contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings of liver metastasis of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A case report and literature review

Table 1 Case and literature reports of patients with MLC sonographic features

Ref.	Country	Age/gender	Clinical manifestation	Organs originated	US features	CEUS features	Contrast agent/dosage	Treatment	Follow-up
Zhou J et al[22], 2017	China	33/F	Increase in calcitonin and CEA	MTC	Hyper-and net-like; echogenicity, clear margin, well-defined shape	Hyper-enhancement during the arterial phase and hypo-enhancement in portal and parenchyma phase	Sonovue 1.2 mL	Surgery	Calcitonin and CEA remained normal
Corvino et al[42], 2015	Italy	41/M	No specific symptoms	Rectal melanoma	Solitary hypo-anechoic complex cystic lesion with a thin internal septum	Hyper-enhancement of the cystic wall and intra-cystic septation during the arterial phase, rapid wash-out, and hypo-enhancement during the portal and late phases	Sonovue 2.4 mL	Surgery	N/A
Toni et al[23], 2011	Germany	36/M	No specific symptoms	Choroidal melanoma	Iso-echogenicity	Homogeneous hyper-enhancement in arterial phase; hypo-enhancement in portal phase and punched-out enhancement defect; in late phase	Sonovue 2.0 mL	Surgery	N/A
Paulatto et al[25], 2020	France	74/M	N/A	NOS of colon	N/A	Central part remains hypoechoic	N/A	Surgery	N/A
Ishikawa et al[43], 2021	Japan	N/A	N/A	Pancreas	Round with irregular margin	Strong peripheral enhancement in the arterial phase, early washout, hypo-enhancement in the portal, and post-vascular phases	Sonazoid 0.015 mL/kg	N/A	N/A
Michima et al[24], 2016	Japan	N/A	N/A	Breast	Clearly round, oval, or lobulated solid focal lesions, irregular margin.	Hypoechoic defects in enhancing parenchyma in the portal venous or postvascular phase	Sonazoid 0.015 mL/kg	N/A	N/A
Yang DP et al[26], 2020	China	N/A	N/A	Colorectum	Hypo- or mix- echogenicity and anechoic area	Capsule enhancement, starting time of washout of > 40 s, un-enhancement area, and proportion of non-enhancement area > 50%	Sonovue 2.4 mL	N/A	N/A
Wu et al[28], 2020	China	N/A	N/A	Colorectum	Not mentioned	Peripheral nodular enhancement, heterogeneous hyper-enhancement, or rim-like enhancement during the arterial phase and a non-enhancement area during the late phase	Sonovue 2.0 mL	N/A	N/A
Schwarze et al[44], 2019	Germany	N/A	N/A	NET of ileum	Anechoic oval-shaped	Earlier wash-in, hyperenhancement during the arterial phase, and hypo-enhancement in the portal phase	Not mentioned	N/A	N/A
Schwarze et al[44], 2019	Germany	N/A	N/A	Pancreas	N/A	Earlier wash-in, hyperenhancement during the arterial phase, and hypo-enhancement during the portal phase	Not mentioned	N/A	N/A
Zhang GD et al[29], 2013	China	N/A	N/A	Stomach	Round with regular margin, iso-echo	Earlier rim-like enhancement and washed out in portal phase, non-enhancement in late phase	Sonovue 2.4 mL	N/A	N/A
Zhang GD et al[29], 2013	China	N/A	N/A	Lung	Oval and hypo-echo	No significant enhancement, hypo-perfusion compared with liver parenchyma	Sonovue 2.4 mL	N/A	N/A

F: Female; M: Male; MTC: Medullary thyroid cancer; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; NOS: Non-otherwise specified; NET: Neuroendocrine tumor; N/A: Not available.