Risk factors of mortality and severe disability in the patients with cerebrovascular diseases treated with perioperative mechanical ventilation

Table 2 Patients characteristics of the study population stratified by the functional outcome

Characteristic	Good recovery (n = 29)	Severe disability (n = 32)	Death (n = 50)	Statistical value	P value
Age, median (IQR)	55 (46, 63)	61 (50.5, 65)	59 (51.2, 66)	2.984	0.225
Male gender, n (%)	17 (58.6)	19 (59.4)	23 (46.0)	1.873	0.409
Smoking, n (%)
Yes	10 (34.5)	12 (37.5)	12 (24.0)	1.948	0.407
Hypertension, n (%)				4.524	0.104
Yes	19 (65.5)	20 (62.5)	41 (82.0)
Diabetes, n (%)				1.271	0.544
Yes	3 (10.4)	5 (15.6)	10 (20.0)
Tracheotomy, n (%)				4.298	0.115
Yes	12 (41.4)	21 (65.6)	23 (46.0)
Diagnosis of neurovascular diseases, n (%)				0.690	0.406
Ischemic cerebrovascular disease	1 (3.4)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease	22 (75.9)	29 (90.6)	45 (90.0)
Brain tumor	2 (6.9)	1 (3.1)	1 (2.0)
Malformed or narrowed intracerebral blood vessels	4 (13.8)	2 (6.2)	4 (8.0)
SAH, n (%)				5.609	0.234
Non-SAH	16 (55.2)	19 (59.4)	27 (54.0)
I	5 (17.2)	3 (9.4)	4 (8.0)
II	3 (10.3)	2 (6.3)	8 (16.0)
III	5 (17.2)	6 (18.8)	7 (14.0)
IV	0 (0)	2 (6.3)	4 (8.0)
Preoperative GCS score, median (IQR)	11 (9, 15)	9 (9, 10)	9 (8, 10)	12.575	0.002
Surgical operation methods, n (%)				15.956	0.082
Aneurysm clipping	8 (27.6)	13 (40.6)	8 (16.0)
Aneurysm embolization	9 (31.0)	2 (6.3)	12 (24.0)
Craniotomy for hematoma removal	5 (17.2)	9 (28.1)	16 (32.0)
External ventricular drainage	1 (3.4)	3 (9.4)	8 (16.0)
Cranial drilling and drainage	3 (10.3)	2 (6.2)	4 (8.0)
Others	3 (10.3)	3 (9.4)	2 (4.0)
Time from admission to start using ventilator (h), median (IQR)	50 (9, 80)	71.0 (26.2, 102.8)	27.0 (1.0, 74.5)	6.537	0.038
Operation hour (h), median (IQR)	3.5 (2.0, 5.3)	3.5 (2.8, 4.7)	3.1 (2.0, 4.4)	1.694	0.249
Ventilation initiation, n (%)				1.235	0.559
Postoperation	24 (82.8)	29 (90.6)	41 (82.0)
Preoperation	5 (17.2)	3 (9.4)	9 (18.0)
Mechanical ventilation time (h), median (IQR)	111.5 (64.5, 223.0)	127.0 (75.0, 182.5)	102.5 (69.5, 181.0)	0.98	0.613
Reason for ventilation, n (%)				11.033	< 0.001
Pulmonary disease	13 (44.8)	24 (75.0)	18 (36.0)
Status epilepticus	6 (20.7)	2 (6.3)	1 (2.0)
Impaired respiratory center function	3 (10.3)	1 (3.1)	2 (4.0)
Shock	7 (24.1)	1 (3.1)	6 (12.0)
Brainstem compression	0 (0.0)	4 (12.5)	23 (46.0)

SAH: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; IQR: Interquartile range.