Diagnostic value and safety of medical thoracoscopy for pleural effusion of different causes

Table 4 Thoracoscopic findings (n = 106)

Characteristic	n (%)	Malignant	Tuberculous	Inflammatory	χ2	P value
Single or multiple nodules	86 (81.1)	49	29a	8	8.335	0.011
Miliary nodules	9 (8.5)	1	8 a	0	8.228	0.012
Pleural hyperemia and edema	1 (0.9)	1	0	0	1.735	1.000
Pleural adhesions	36 (34.0)	15	15	6	4.937	0.084
Pleural thickening	2 (1.9)	0	2	0	2.656	0.326
Fibrous connective tissue and fibrous bands	13 (12.3)	5	8	0	2.953	0.244
Focal necrosis	6 (5.6)	3	3	0	0.336	1.000
Neoformation	3 (2.8)	3	0	0	2.330	0.428
Plaque-like lesions and carbon foam deposition	11 (10.4)	7	4	0	0.877	0.709

^aP < 0.05 vs malignant group.