Spinal pedicle subtraction osteotomy for fixed sagittal imbalance patients

Figure 3 Pre- and post-operative lateral plain radiographs of a 70-year-old woman who underwent pedicle subtraction osteotomy at the L3 vertebra. Kyphotic lumbar spine (A) and hyperlordotic lumbar spine after pedicle subtraction osteotomy (B). Note that the length of the anterior vertebral cortex remains unchanged even after the shortening of the middle and posterior spinal columns.