Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography for variant hemoglobins and HbF/A2: What must hematopathologists know about methodology?

Figure 2 A specimen chromatogram to show the various peaks that may occur in health and disease. The patient, with elevated HbA2 and mildly elevated HbF, most likely had β-thalassemia trait with increased HbF (HbF levels between 1%-5% are found in approximately 30% of β-thalassemia trait cases, and occasional ones may have even higher levels).Calibrator data had shown above.