Immunodiagnosis of human hydatid disease: Where do we stand?

Table 1 Performance of hydatid cyst fluid in diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in different serological assays

Antigen	No. of subjects			Test	Sensitivity (%)	Specificity (%)	Cross reactions	Year	Ref.
	CE patients	Other disease	Healthy control
SHCF	78	24	15	IgG ELISA	72.4		NR	2001	[71]
BHCF	129	65	203	IgG ELISA	77.6	96.6	Cysts, Toxoc.	2003	[44]
CHCF	26	35	10	Dipstick assay	100	91.4	Cysts, AE, Trichinosis, Schist., Fascio	2004	[6]
CHCF	26	35	10	EITB	100	91.4	Cysts, AE, trichinosis, Schist, Fascio	2004	[6]
CHCF	26	30	10	IgG ELISA	96.2	100	None	2004	[6]
SHCF	102	68	95	IgG ELISA	88.2	80.9	AE, Cysts, Schist, Fascio, Taeniasis, Dirofilariasis	2008	[72]
SHCF	120			Casoni’s skin test	88.2	80.9	NR	2005	[73]
SHCF	120			Casoni’s skin test	70	87	NR	2005	[73]
SHCF	120			Casoni’s skin test	62	85	NR	2005	[73]
SHCF	120			IHA	56	84	NR	2005	[73]
SHCF	25	15	25	ELISA on serum	72	76	Cysts, Ascaris, Ambs liver abscess	2007	[74]
SHCF	25	15	25	ELISA on urine	84	76	Cysts, Ascaris, Ambs liver abscess	2007	[74]
SHCF	25	15	25	ELISA on saliva	56	76	Cysts, Ascaris, Ambs liver abscess	2007	[74]
SHCF	40	40	70	CCIEP	97.5	58.1	Fascio, Toxoc, Taenia,	2007	[10]
							Malignancies
SHFF	204	53	90	IEP	31	100	None	2000	[75]
SHFF	204	53	90	IHA	54	100	None	2000	[75]
SHFF	204	53	90	IB	80	96	Cysts, Serous cysts	2000	[75]
SHCF	35	12	25	Dot-ELISA	100	89.1	Ascaris, Taenia,	2010	[1]
							Strogyl
SHCF	35	12	25	CCIEP	80	62	Ascaris, Strogyl,	2010	[1]
							Toxop
SHCF	59	60	39	IgG ELISA	91.5	96	Clonorchiasis	2013	[76]
hHCF	50	15	20	IB	83	98	None	2014	[28]
hHCF	50	15	20	IgG IB	83	98	None	2014	[28]
SHCF	50	40	20	IgG ELISA	92	85	Ascaris, Ambs,	2014	[67]
							Malignancy, Toxop
SHCF	50	40	20	IgM ELISA	70	93.33	Ascaris, Ambs,	2014	[67]
							Malignancy, Toxop
SHCF	50	40	20	IgE ELISA	86	96.66	Ascaris, Ambs,	2014	[67]
							Malignancy, Toxop
SHCF	50	40	20	IgG1 ELISA	82	98.33	Ascaris, Ambs, Malignancy, Toxop	2014	[67]
SHCF	50	40	20	IgG2 ELISA	74	95	Ascaris, Ambs,	2014	[67]
							Malignancy, Toxop
SHCF	50	40	20	IgG3 ELISA	52	36	Ascaris, Ambs, Malignancy, Toxop	2014	[67]
SHCF	50	40	20	IgG4 ELISA	86	28	Ascaris, Ambs,	2014	[67]
							Malignancy, Toxop
Psx Ag	113	112	121	DIGFA	87.6	90.90	Hd, Cysts,	2015	[48]
							HCC, HH
CPsx extract	147	88	60	IgG ELISA	90	57	AE, Trypanosomiasis	2002	[76]
Emwl Ag	50	154		WB IgG	98		NCC	2000	[14]
Emwl Ag	50	154		IHA > 80	94.3		NR	2000	[14]
Emwl Ag	50	154		IHA > 320	80		NR	2000	[14]
Emwl Ag	50	154		IgG ELISA	79.4		NR	2000	[14]

EITB: Enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot; IHA: Immune hemagglutination assay; CHCF: Camel hydatid cyst fluid; SHCF: Sheep hydatid cyst fluid; hHCF: Human hydatid cyst fluid; SHFF: Sheep hydatid fluid fraction; Hd.: Hepatic distomiasis; Emwl Ag: Whole larval antigen from Echinococcus multilocularis; CPsx extract: Crude protoescolex extract; Psx Ag: Protoscoleces antigen; BHCF: Bovine hydatid cyst fluid; Ascaris: Ascariasis; Toxop: Toxoplasmosis; Fascio: Fascioliasis; Cysts: Cysticercosis; Ambs: Amebiasis; Toxoc: Toxocariasis; Schist: Schistosomiasis; AE: Alveolar echinococcosis; Strongyl: Strongyloidiasis; HH: Hepatic hemangioma; NR: Not reported; CE: Cystic echinococcosis; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.