Costimulatory blockade: A novel approach to the treatment of glomerular disease?

Table 1 Immunomodulatory effects of costimulation pathways

Family	Ligand	Receptor	Effects on immune cells
CD28	CD80 (B7.1)/CD86 (B7.2)	CD28	+
		CTLA-4	-
	ICOSL	ICOS	+
	PDL1	PD-1	-
TNF-related	CD40	CD40L (CD154)	+
	OX-40	OX-40L	+
Adhesion molecules	ICAM-1	LFA-1	+
TIM	TIM4/9	TIM1/3	+/-

Costimulatory pathways may influence immune response through stimulatory (+) or inhibitory (-) signals. Ligands may be present on antigen-presenting cells, including B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells, but also on muscle, endothelial, fibroblast, platelets and epithelial-derived cells. Receptors are mainly expressed on T-cells[48]. CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; ICOS: Induced costimulatory molecule; PD-1: Theprogrammeddeath-1; LFA-1: Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; ICAM-1: Intracellular adhesion molecule 1; TIM: T cell Ig and mucin.