Molecular biomarkers for grass pollen immunotherapy

Table 6 Grass pollen seasons timing and temporal overlap in Asia[32,66-84]

Regions	Grass pollen seasons timing and temporal overlap with other types of pollen
Western Asia,	Most Middle East countries: significant grass and weed pollen seasons during April to May and September to October
Middle East	Desert and semi-desert countries: Chenopodiaceae pollen season overlapping with grass pollen season, such as for Cynodon dactylon
	Indigenous trees/shrubs, such as mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) pollen seasons from March to May, also in Egypt
	Israel: Cupressaceae (cypress family) and Poaceae pollen seasons throughout the year, grasses especially in spring (March-May), cypresses February and April; Olea europaea flowering begins in late March till July-August; Parietaria judaica pollen highly allergenic in northern Israel
	Turkey Mediterranean coastal area (Antalya): grass pollen frequently detected between April-May and October-November and found in the atmosphere in high concentrations during May to July; Pinaceae pollen airborne between March and June; Cupressaceae pollen, in high levels in February, usually present until May; Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae pollen grains found in air during June to October, all overlapping with the grass pollen season
South Asia	Grass pollen season overlaps with seasons of many other anemophilous plants
	Pakistan: paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, family Moraceae) pollen season from March to April overlaps with the grass pollen season
	India: spring (February-April), autumn (September-October), winter (November-January) pollen seasons include periods of flowering of grasses (Cynodon dactylon, Paspalum distichum, Sorghum vulgare, Poa annua), of weeds Cannabaceae (Cannabis sativa), Asteraceae (Parthenium, Artemisia spp), and Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthus, Chenopodium spp), and of trees (Prosopis juliflora, Cocos and Eucalyptus spp)
East Asia	Beijing and different provinces of the People's Republic of China, such as Guangdong, Yunnan and Hebei: pollen season lasting from August to October is due to weed pollen from different plant families, Chenopodiaceae, Asteraceae (mugwort Artemisia spp), Cannabaceae (hop Humulus spp), but also to grass pollen
	South Korea: grass pollen airborne between end of April and November, especially Korean lawn grass, Timothy grass, Bermuda grass, and orchard grass; Pollen seasons of trees (pine, birch, oak) and weeds (mugwort, ragweed, Japanese hop) overlap with grass pollination period in the first, respectively last part of it
	Japan: pollen season for Japanese cypress/hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) lasts from March to May, while for orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), in May-June to August, and for weed yomogi Artemisia, from August to October
	Olive pollen from May to June overlaps with orchard grass season in Shodoshima
	Plantago lanceolata pollen dispersed from mid-May to early September, in Sapporo