Molecular biomarkers for grass pollen immunotherapy

Table 5 Grass pollen seasons timing and temporal overlap in Africa[60-65]

Regions	Grass pollen seasons timing and temporal overlap with other types of pollen
Extremely variable pollen seasons exist due to great differences in plant distribution
Morocco (North Africa)	Mediterranean region: grass pollen season starts in April and has highest air pollen concentration in May and June, overlapping olive pollen season
	Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) from Arecaceae family is distributed not only in the Mediterranean areas of Morroco, but also Middle East and central Africa
Nigeria (West Africa)	Southwest region: at the end of the dry season, in March, airborne pollen grains of Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae and Poaceae coexist in significant concentrations
South Africa	Grass pollinating season peaks from October to February (longer grass flowering); in subtropical regions, grasses of the subfamily Panicoideae are predominant: Cenchrus clandestinum (kikuyu) and Stenotaphrum secundatum (buffalo grass)
	South African Cupressaceae (cypress) trees start flowering in June, followed by Quercus robur (oak) in late July, Platanus (plane) in September and Olea europaea subsp. africana (olive) in January, and because their pollen season duration lasts three to four months it overlaps the grass pollen season
	Plantago lanceolata (English plantain) and Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot) are most important weeds with pollen seasons in late summer and autumn, overlapping with the grass pollen season