Navigating the ethical terrain: Off-label and experimental treatments in medical case reports

Table 2 Challenges and ethical dilemmas in reporting

Challenge	Ethical dilemma	Proposed solution
Reporting of negative outcomes	Balancing the ethical need for transparency with potential reputational or financial consequences for authors and sponsors	Implement policies for mandatory reporting of all outcomes, positive and negative
Commercial interests	Managing conflicts of interest that may influence the reporting and perception of off-label and experimental treatments	Strict disclosure requirements and independent review to mitigate the impact of commercial interests
Balancing innovation with caution	Navigating between the advancement of medical science and ensuring patient safety in the face of uncertain treatment outcomes	Development of comprehensive guidelines that prioritize rigorous scientific evaluation and patient safety