Meta-Analysis
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Methodol. Sep 20, 2024; 14(3): 92983
Published online Sep 20, 2024. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i3.92983
Table 1 Study characteristic table for included studies
Ref.
Country of study
Study design
Setting
Total COVID-19 positive patients
Total patients with pre-admission anticoagulation
Type of anticoagulant
Duration of anticoagulant
Indication for anticoagulant Use
Definition Of Severity
Mean age ± SD (yr)
Female sex proportion (%)
Diabetes proportion (%)
Hypertension proportion (%)
Pulmonary disease proportion (%)
Arrhythmia proportion (%)
Ageno et al[28], 2021ItalyRetrospective observational studyInpatient hospitalized439643DOAC or VKA-AFNA-----56.4
Arachchillage et al[29], 2022United KingdomAmbispective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized5883963DOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, dabigatran, or VKA (warfarin)-VTE or heart disease or AFICU admission-44.8128.9647.1224.55-
Aslan et al[55], 2021TurkeyRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized171079DOAC (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban)-AF, venous thrombosisICU admission62
(52-71)		50.5274265
Bauer et al[71], 2021United StatesCase–control studyHospitalized and non-hospitalized patients1449---Admitted to the hospital/died54.7 ± 22.563173622-
Boari et al[68], 2020ItalyRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized25829---NA71.0 ± 13.832.92658.514-
Brouns et al[53], 2020NetherlandsRetrospective case-seriesInpatient hospitalized10118DOAC or VKA---------
Buenen et al[40], 2021NetherlandsCohort studyHospitalized and non-hospitalized patients497110DOAC or VKA--NA-36.220.552.126-
Chocron et al[41], 2021FranceRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized2878382DOAC or VKA-AF, VTEICU admission-40.330.375.3-24.8
Corrochano et al[30], 2022SpainRetrospective observational studyInpatient hospitalized1598155VKA (warfarin or acenocoumarol), DOAC (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban or edoxaban), or heparins--ICU admission66.5 (17.1)47.12050.8--
Covino et al[42], 2021ItalyRetrospective observational studyEmergency department18492DOAC or VKA1 monthAFNA84
(81-87)		5018.541.817.4-
Denas et al[43], 2021ItalyRetrospective observational studyHospitalized and non-hospitalized patients4697651VKA, NOAC (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) or edoxaban6 monthsAFICU admission-45.624.187.3--
Fauvel et al[54], 2020FranceRetrospective observational studyInpatient hospitalized1240136VKA 47 (3.8), NOAC 78 (6.3), heparin 11 (0.9)--ICU admission and mechanical ventilation------
Flam et al[59], 2021SwedenProspective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized459402103703DOAC (dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban or edoxaban)0–6 months [7394 (7.1%)]; 7–24 months [29012 (28.0%)]; > 24 months [67245 (64.8%)]AF and atrial flutterHospital admission and ICU admission------
Fröhlich et al[31], 2021GermanyRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized6637731DOAC or VKA6 monthsAFNA-502593-76
Fumagalli et al[44], 2022ItalyRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized17691DOAC or VKA-AFNA-48.333712111.9
Gülcü et al[32], 2022TurkeyRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized5575451DOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, dabigatran), and VKA (warfarin)--NA64
(51–74)		49.826.949.513.95.2
Hanif et al[33], 2020United StatesRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized5833DOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, and dabigatran), VKA (warfarin)--NA-34.5----
Harrison et al[34], 2021United StatesRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized1027132DOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran), and VKA (warfarin)--NA-52.538.774.3-21.1
Ho et al[45], 2021United StatesRetrospective cohort studyHospitalized and non-hospitalized patients28076304VKA (warfarin) or DOAC (dabigatran)Within 3 months prior to SARS-Cov-2 diagnosis-ICU admission-51.68.37.2--
Hozayen et al[35], 2021United StatesProspective cohort studyOutpatient and inpatient5597160Enoxaparin, VKA (warfarin), DOACWithin 3 months prior to SARS-Cov-2 diagnosis-NA51 ± 2257.115.734.74.512
Iaccarino et al[72], 2021ItalyCross-sectional studyInpatient hospitalized2377125DOAC 6 monthsAF, mechanic valvularreplacement, pulmonary thromboembolism prophylaxisICU admission68.2 ± 0.3837.31859-4.7
Klok et al[61], 2020DenmarkRetrospective cohort studyIntensive care18417---NA------
Li et al[36], 2020ChinaAmbispective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized54716---Severe COVID-19 infection60
(48-69)		49.115.130.33.1-
Lodigiani et al[73], 2020ItalyRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized38833DOAC or VKA--ICU admission66
(55–75)		3222.747.29-
Ménager et al[60], 2020FranceRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized829VKA (warfarin or acenocoumarol or fluindione)--NA88 (85–92)47.623.263.4-36.6
Middeldorp et al[62], 2020NetherlandsRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized19819--AFICU admission61± 1434----
Natali et al[63], 2020United StatesRetrospective case control studyInpatient hospitalized40022---NA-------
Olcott et al[46], 2021England.Retrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized30981DOAC or VKA--NA-47.9----
Parker et al[47], 2021United KingdomRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized1032164DOAC, VKA, LMWH, fondaparinuxTaking the anticoagulant for > 1 monthAF, VTE, metallic heart valve, LV thrombusICU admission71
(56–83)		44.929.344.3--
Philipose et al[66], 2020United KingdomRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized46668---NA---50.228.1-
Reilev et al[64], 2020DenmarkCohort studyCommunity-managed and hospitalized11122577-At least one filled prescription within 6 months prior to the test date-ICU admission48
(33–62)		626.424124.6
Rieder et al[37], 2022Multi-CountryRetrospective cohort studyHospitalized and outpatient1433334VKA or non-VKA DOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, dabigatran etexilate)-AFNA-39.831.286.5-25.4
Rivera-Caravaca et al[58], 2021International, HOPE COVID-19 RegistryRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized1002110DOAC or VKA-AF, VTE, mechanical heart valvesNA-40.831.282.118.3-
Rivera-Caravaca et al[38], 2021United States, TrinetxCohort studyHospitalized and outpatient2600613003DOAC (dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban or edoxaban)1 yr-NA-48.437.971.918.348.1
Rodríguez-Molinero et al[67], 2020SpainRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized41834---Need for oxygen therapy through a nonrebreather mask or mechanical ventilation65.4 ± 16.643.123.7529.810.8
Rossi et al[57], 2020ItalyRetrospective observational studyOutpatient7026DOAC (eivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban, dabigatran)Regularly taken by the patient for at least 6 monthsAF, pulmonary embolism, or DVTNA-5025.761.415.7-
Russo et al[48], 2022ItalyRetrospective observational studyInpatient hospitalized46787DOAC (edoxaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban), VKA (warafrin)-AF, prosthetic heart valve, venous thromboembolismNA-33.325.37418.8-
Ruzhentsova et al[56], 2021ItalyRetrospective cohort studyOutpatient7626DOAC (rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran)--NA-56.626.377.6-36.8
Schiavone et al[74], 2021ItalyRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized84465DOAC or VKA--ICU admission63.4 ± 16.138.316.645.17.49.2
Sivaloganathan et al[49], 2020United KingdomCase-control studyInpatient hospitalized18031VKA (warfarin), DOAC (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban), or LMWH--ICU admission------
Spiegelenberg et al[50], 2021NetherlandsRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized1154190DOAC or VKA-AF, VTE, mechanical valve replacement, cardiac arrest in history, or unknown (5%)ICU admission-32.227.353.826.1-
Tehrani et al[69], 2021SwedenRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized25549---NA66 ± 1741315413-
Togano et al[39], 2021JapanRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized4026105VKA (warfarin), DOAC (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban)--Mechanical ventilation/ supplemental oxygen/SPO2 ≤94% on room air/tachypnea52.0
(34–69)		40.114.1198.1-
Tremblay et al[70], 2020United StatesRetrospective cohort studyHospitalized and ambulatory patients3772241---Intubation-mechanical ventilation56.6 (18.2)45.2--14.9-
van Haaps et al[51], 2021DenmarkRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized3006445DOAC, VKA, LMWH--ICU admission-35.137.859.58.3-
Wargny et al[65], 2021FranceRetrospective cohort studyInpatient hospitalized2796501---NA69.7 ± 13.236.310076.89.6-
Defined according to the 2019 clinical practice guideline from the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society for diagnosis and treatment of adults with community acquired pneumonia. DOAC: Direct-acting oral anticoagulants; VKA: Vitamin K antagonists; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; NOAC: Non-Vitamin K oral anticoagulants; AF: Atrial fibrillation; VTE: Venous thromboembolism; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis; CAD: Coronary artery disease; NA: Not applicable; IQR: Interquartile range; OAC: Oral anticoagulant.