Tracheostomy-related data from an intensive care unit for two consecutive years before the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 3 Comparison between the patients who were subjected to percutaneous tracheostomy and those who were subjected to surgical tracheostomy, n (%)

		Patients with PDT	Patients with ST	P value
Gender	Male	59/96 (61.5)	13/19 (68.4)	0.57
	Female	37/96 (38.5)	6/19 (31.6)
Age (years)		62.6 ± 14.0	47.6 ± 15.0	< 0.001
Cause of admission	CNS	60/96 (62.5)	5/19 (26.3)	0.004
	CVS	3/96 (3.1)	0/19 (0.0)	1.00
	RS	9/96 (9.4)	2/19 (10.5)	1.00
	Sepsis	3/96 (3.1)	1/19 (5.3)	0.52
	Malignancy	6/96 (6.3)	1/19 (5.3)	1.00
	Trauma	13/96 (13.5)	7/19 (36.8)	0.022
	Surgery	0/96 (0.0)	2/19 (10.5)	0.026
	Metabolic	2/96 (2.1)	1/19 (5.3)	0.42
Cause of intubation	CNS	51/96 (53.1)	3/19 (15.8)	0.003
	CVS	7/96 (7.3)	1/19 (5.3)	1.00
	RS	8/96 (8.3)	2/19 (10.5)	0.67
	Trauma	12/96 (12.5)	4/19 (21.1)	0.30
	Metabolic	6/96 (6.3)	1/19 (5.3)	1.00
	Compromised airway	7/96 (7.3)	6/19 (31.6)	0.008
	Sepsis	5/96 (5.2)	2/19 (10.5)	0.33
	Surgery	0/96 (0.0)	0/19 (0.0)	N/A
GCS (N)		9.2 ± 4.3	11.7 ± 4.2	0.025
APACHE II (N)		19.6 ± 6.4	15.7 ± 7.0	0.020
APDR (%)		35.1 ± 20.3	23.6 ± 16.0	0.022
Number of co-morbidities (N)		1.9 ± 1.5	1.2 ± 1.0	0.044
Co-morbidity	Cardiovascular	52/96 (54.2)	4/19 (21.1)	0.008
	Metabolic	37/96 (38.5)	9/19 (47.4)	0.47
	Respiratory	10/96 (10.4)	3/19 (15.8)	0.45
	Autoimmune	3/96 (3.1)	0/19 (0.0)	1.00
	Malignancy	10/96 (10.4)	0/19 (0.0)	0.21
	Psychiatric	9/96 (9.4)	1/19 (5.3)	1.00
	Renal	6/96 (6.3)	0/19 (0.0)	0.59
	Neurological	8/96 (8.3)	1/19 (5.3)	1.00
	Hematological	3/96 (3.1)	0/19 (0.0)	1.00
	Urological	3/96 (3.1)	0/19 (0.0)	1.00
	Infectious	4/96 (4.2)	0/19 (0.0)	1.00
Reason for tracheostomy	Prolonged mechanical ventilation	22/96 (22.9)	3/19 (15.8)	0.76
	Compromised airway	9/96 (9.4)	7/19 (36.8)	0.005
	Low level of consciousness	45/96 (46.9)	4/19 (21.1)	0.044
	Myopathy	20/96 (20.8)	5/19 (26.3)	0.56
Timing of tracheostomy	Early	53/96 (55.2)	10/19 (52.6)	1.00
	Late	43/96 (44.8)	9/19 (47.4)
Reason for early tracheostomy	Prolonged duration of stay	36/53 (67.9)	0/10 (0.0)	< 0.001
	Compromised airway	3/53 (5.7)	5/10 (50.0)	0.002
	Trauma	10/53 (18.9)	3/10 (30.0)	0.42
	Neuromuscular disease	4/53 (7.6)	2/10 (20.0)	0.24
Complications		0/96 (0.0)	0/19 (0.0)	N/A
VAP		25/96 (26.0)	6/19 (31.6)	0.62
Pathogen isolated	None	9/39 (23.1)	2/8 (25.0)	1.00
	Candida albicans	1/39 (2.6)	0/8 (0.0)	1.00
	Klebsiella pneumoniae	3/39 (7.7)	1/8 (12.5)	0.54
	Acinetobacter baumanii	13/39 (33.3)	2/8 (25.0)	1.00
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	8/39 (20.5)	2/8 (25.0)	1.00
	Staphylococcus aureus	1/39 (2.6)	0/8 (0.0)	1.00
	Proteus mirabilis	1/39 (2.6)	1/8 (12.5)	0.32
	Escherichia coli	1/39 (2.6)	0/8 (0.0)	1.00
	Enterococcus faecium	1/39 (2.6)	0/8 (0.0)	1.00
	Hemophilus influenzae	1/39 (2.6)	0/8 (0.0)	1.00
Days in ICU (N)		22.0 ± 10.9	20.7 ± 9.8	0.64
Transferred to	Ward	65/96 (67.7)	10/19 (52.6)	0.29
	Another hospital	8/96 (8.3)	3/19 (15.8)	0.39
	Rehabilitation center	5/96 (5.2)	2/19 (10.5)	0.33
	CCU	1/96 (1.0)	2/19 (10.5)	0.07
	ICCU	0/96 (0.0)	0/19 (0.0)	N/A
Condition at discharge	T-piece	68/79 (86.1)	14/17 (82.4)	0.71
	Speaking valve	0/79 (0.0)	1/17 (5.9)	0.18
	Tracheostomy closure	5/79 (6.3)	0/17 (0.0)	0.58
	CPAP	0/79 (0.0)	2/17 (11.8)	0.030
	BiPAP	1/79 (1.3)	0/17 (0.0)	1.00
	Pressure ventilator	3/79 (3.8)	0/17 (0.0)	1.00
	Volume ventilator	2/79 (2.5)	0/17 (0.0)	1.00
Breathing at discharge	Unassisted	73/79 (92.4)	15/17 (88.2)	0.63
	Assisted	6/79 (7.6)	2/17 (11.8)
Weaning from mechanical ventilation		70/91 (76.9)	17/19 (89.5)	0.35
Days on mechanical ventilation (N)		18.9 ± 9.7	17.6 ± 10.0	0.60
Survival	Yes	79/96 (82.3)	17/19 (89.5)	0.74
	No	17/96 (17.7)	2/19 (10.5)

N: Number; CNS: Central nervous system; CVS: Cardiovascular system; RS: Respiratory system; GCS: Glasgow coma scale; APACHE: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; APDR: APACHE predicted death rate; VAP: Ventilator associated pneumonia; ICU: Intensive care unit; CCU: Critical care unit; ICCU: Intensive coronary care unit; CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure; BiPAP: Bi-level positive airway pressure; PDT: Percutaneous dilatation tracheostomy; ST: Surgical tracheostomy.