Non-medicalization of medical science: Rationalization for future

Table 4 Criteria for defining osteopenia

Category	Definition	Treatment recommendation
“Moderate risk”, Endocrine Society guidelines 2019[74]	Clinical: No prior hip or spine fractures, BMD T-score at the hip and spine both above -2.5, 10-yr hip fracture risk < 3% or risk of major osteoporotic fractures < 20%	Reassess fracture risk in 2-4 yr. Country-specific guidelines for treatment
ISBMR guidelines 2021[75]	BMD T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 at the femoral neck or lumbar spine, 10-yr probability of a hip fracture ≥ 3.5%, or a 10-yr probability of a major osteoporosis-related fracture ≥ 10.5% based on the FRAX tool (based on limited data in Indians)	Advisable to initiate treatment

BMD: Bone mineral density.