Prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Subgroup analysis findings (random-effects model)

Analysis of leishmaniasis		Number of studies/pooled sample size	Pooled prevalence % (95%CI)	T2	I2%	H2	P value
Sex	Male	10/13218	60 (52-67)	0.01	97.96	49.09	< 0.001
	Female	10/13218	40 (33-48)	0.01	97.96	49.07	< 0.001
Age group	< 5	5/8326	3 (1-6)	0.001	99.99	18316.61	< 0.001
	5-14	5/8326	22 (12-32)	0.01	97.76	44.50	< 0.001
	15-44	5/8326	60 (50-69)	0.01	95.53	22.38	< 0.001
	≥ 45	5/8326	14 (9-19)	0.001	92.09	12.63	< 0.001
Types of human leishmaniasis	VL	10/53152	18 (10-27)	0.02	99.28	138.39	< 0.001
	CL	5/11173	26 (2-50)	0.07	99.79	485.11	< 0.001
	VL/CL	2/162569	19 (10-48)	0.04	97.98	49.48	< 0.001
Study region	Central Sudan	6/10711	27 (14-40)	0.02	98.86	87.63	< 0.001
	Eastern Sudan	6/2245	15(9-21)	0.01	93.84	16.23	< 0.001
	Northern Sudan	1/410	71(66-75)	-	-	-	-
	Western Sudan	4/213528	7 (2-12)	0.00	99.97	2882.28	< 0.001
Study yr/s	Before 2000	5/10853	24 (12-37)	0.02	98.8	83.02	< 0.001
	Between 2001 to 2010	4/922	24 (9-39)	0.02	96.83	31.54	< 0.001
	After 2011	8/215119	17 (1-32)	0.05	100	24190.74	< 0.001
Study setting	Hospital-based study	8/221713	20 (10-31)	0.02	99.99	11092.03	< 0.001
	Community-based study	9/5181	21 (7-35)	0.05	99.54	218.75	< 0.001

I² index for the degree of heterogeneity; T² measure of heterogeneity; CI: Confidence interval; CL: Cutaneous leishmaniasis; VL: Visceral leishmaniasis.