Prevalence of human leishmaniasis in Sudan: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Main characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis

Ref.	Sample size	Method	Type of leishmaniasis	Geographical location	Study design	Study setting	Prevalence n (%)
							Overall, n %	Male	Female
Hashim[24], 1997	126	PCR & LST	VL/CL	Central Sudan	CS	HB	43 (34.1)	NR	NR
El Dawi[25], 1994	44	DAT	VL	Central Sudan	PS	HB	19 (43.2)	NR	NR
Ibrahim[26], 2012	734	LST	CL	Central Sudan	CS	CB	73 (9.9)	NR	NR
Sharief et al[27], 2019	1781	DAT & LST	VL	Western Sudan	ES	CB	238 (13)	NR	NR
Osman[28], 2011	332	PCR	CL	Western Sudan	CS	CB	32 (9.6)	NR	NR
Noraldaim[29], 2012	110	DAT & ELISA	VL	Central Sudan	PS	CB	46 (41.8)	NR	NR
Mohamed et al[30], 2019	95	DAT	VL	Eastern Sudan	CS	CB	5 (5.3)	NR	NR
Dereure et al[31], 2003	79	Culture	VL	Eastern Sudan	NR	CB	23 (29.1)	NR	NR
EL-Safi et al[18], 2002	947	DAT & LST	VL	Eastern Sudan	CS	CB	132 (13.9)	NR	NR
El-Safi and Peters[32], 1991	9657	DAT	CL	Central Sudan	RS	HB	736 (7.6)	449 (61)	287 (39)
Atia[23], 2012	373	DAT	VL	Eastern Sudan	CS	CB	64 (17.2)	29 (45.3)	35 (54.7)
Abdallah[34], 2015	352	DAT & ELISA	VL	Eastern Sudan	PS	HB	71 (20.2)	43 (60.6)	28 (39.4)
Ebrahim[19], 2016	48972	Mixed	VL	Western Sudan	RS	HB	815 (1.7)	(62)	(38)
Awadalla[35], 2007	399	DAT	VL	Eastern Sudan	CS	CB	35 (8.8)	23 (65.7)	12 (34.3)
Muawyia et al[36], 2021	40	DAT	CL	Central Sudan	NR	HB	13 (32.5)	10 (76.9)	3 (23.1)
Osman et al[37], 2021	410	LST	CL	Northern Sudan	CS	CB	290 (70.7)	91 (31.4)	199 (68.6)
Abdullah et al[38], 2021	162443	Mixed	VL/CL	Western Sudan	RS	HB	7131 (4.4)	4657 (65.3)	2474 (34.7)
Ahmed[39], 2011	50	Mixed	VL	Central Sudan	CS	HB	NR	38 (76)	12 (24)
Ahmed[40], 2017	215	Mixed	VL	Eastern Sudan	R-CC	HB	NR	140 (65.1)	75 (34.9)
Collis et al[41], 2019	3801	LST	CL	Nationwide	RS	HB	NR	2178 (57.3)	1599 (42.1)

CB: Community-based study; CL: Cutaneous leishmaniasis; CS: Cross sectional study; DAT: Direct agglutination test; DS: Descriptive study; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ES: Epidemiological surveys; HB: Hospital-based study; LST: Leishmania skin test; NR; Not reported; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; PS: Prospective study; R-CC: Retrospective case-control study; RS: Retrospective study; VL: Visceral leishmaniasis.