Participant attrition and perinatal outcomes in prenatal vitamin D-supplemented gestational diabetes mellitus patients in Asia: A meta-analysis

Table 4 League table: Outcomes: Macrosomia (left lower triangle) and newborn hospitalization (right upper triangle). Interventions of interest: Represented in diagonal cells

Interventions and effect sizes
Vitamin D and probiotic	1.27 (0.24, 6.66)1	0.88 (0.21, 3.69)	0.66 (0.18, 2.49)	0.97 (0.21, 4.41)	0.31 (0.09, 1.03)	0.38 (0.10, 1.49)	0.47 (0.11, 1.91)
0.94 (0.11, 8.45)	Vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid	0.70 (0.17, 2.79)	0.52 (0.16, 1.75)	0.76 (0.15, 4.02)	0.25 (0.08, 0.77)2	0.30 (0.09, 0.98)	0.37 (0.09, 1.44)
3.36 (0.13, 88.67)	3.56 (0.14, 93.17)	Vitamin D and calcium	0.75 (0.29, 1.96)	1.10 (0.26, 4.59)	0.35 (0.16, 0.77)	0.43 (0.16, 1.19)	0.53 (0.18, 1.55)
0.98 (0.13, 7.29)	1.03 (0.18, 6.09)	0.29 (0.01, 6.77)	Vitamin D	1.46 (0.39, 5.50)	0.47 (0.27, 0.83)	0.57 (0.27, 1.22)	0.71 (0.28, 1.78)
1.93 (0.19, 20.18)	2.05 (0.15, 27.32)	0.58 (0.02, 20.11)	1.98 (0.17, 22.68)	Probiotic	0.32 (0.10, 1.07)	0.39 (0.10, 1.53)	0.48 (0.12, 1.97)
0.37 (0.08, 1.77)	0.40 (0.08, 1.85)	0.11 (0.01, 1.98)	0.38 (0.11, 1.36)	0.19 (0.02, 1.55)	Placebo	1.22 (0.64, 2.33)	1.50 (0.72, 3.14)
0.63 (0.08, 4.84)	0.67 (0.12, 3.71)	0.19 (0.01, 4.45)	0.64 (0.13, 3.13)	0.33 (0.03, 3.83)	1.69 (0.45, 6.30)	Omega-3 fatty acid	1.23 (0.46, 3.28)
1.87 (0.14, 25.22)	1.98 (0.15, 26.45)	0.56 (0.02, 19.45)	1.91 (0.17, 21.96)	0.97 (0.05, 18.42)	5.00 (0.62, 40.28)	2.96 (0.25, 34.96)	Magnesium, zinc, calcium, and vitamin D

¹Effect sizes in risk ratio with its 95% confidence interval in parenthesis.

²Cells with bold-faced values depict a statistically significant decrease in effect size.

In the right upper and the left lower triangle, the columns and rows depict the reference treatment, respectively.