Evidence based review of management of cardiorenal syndrome type 1

Table 1 Characteristics and main findings of included studies

Ref.	Population	Sample size	Intervention	Duration of follow-up	Main findings
Owan et al[10], 2008	ADHF with renal dysfunction	72	Standard therapy vs standard therapy plus nesiritide (bolus of 0.2 mcg/kg followed by 0.01 mcg/kg per min)	72 h	Nesiritide produced greater reduction in blood pressure and preserved renal function
Bart et al[11], 2012	ADHF with worsened renal function	188	Ultrafiltration therapy vs stepped pharmacologic therapy (intravenous diuretics)	96 h	Stepped pharmacologic-therapy with intravenous diuretics was superior to ultrafiltration
Fedele et al[12], 2014	ADHF and renal impairment	21	Levosimendan (loading dose 6 μg/kg + 0.1 μg/kg per min) for 24 h vs placebo	72 h	Levosimendan improves the laboratory markers of renal function and renal hemodynamic parameters
Chen et al[13], 2013	AHF and renal dysfunction	360	Low dose dopamine (2 μg/kg per min for 72 h) vs low dose nesiritide (0.005 μg/kg per min for 72 h) vs placebo	72 h	Neither low dose dopamine nor low dose nesiritide improved renal function when added to diuretic therapy
Inomata et al[14], 2017	HF with diuretic resistance and renal impairment	81	Additive tolvaptan (≤ 15 mg/d) vs increased furosemide (≤ 40 mg/d)	7 d	Additive tolvaptan increased urine volume compared with patients receiving an increased dose of furosemide
Lannemyr et al[15], 2018	Chronic HF and impaired renal function	32	Levosimendan (loading dose 12 μg/kg + 0.1 μg/kg per min) vs dobutamine (7.5 μg/kg per min) for 75 min	60 mo and 75 mo after treatment	Levosimendan is the preferred inotropic agent compared to dobutamine

ADHF: Acute decompensated heart failure; HF: Heart failure.