Epidemiological link between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer

Figure 4 The potential pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes to cancer with special emphasis to the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF-1R: Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-α; IR-A: Insulin receptor-A; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GLP-1RA: Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist; MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; PI3K: Phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase; AGEs: Advanced glycation end products; TME: Tumour microenvironment; LRP: Lipoprotein receptor-related protein; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase-3β; SIRT1: Sirtuin 1 deacetylase; P300: P300 acetyl transferase; LEF: Lymphoid enhancer factor; TCF: T-cell factor.