Potential therapeutic targets from genetic and epigenetic approaches for asthma

Table 2 The genetic and epigenetic loci modify cytokines and receptors of asthma

Genes	Chromosome location	Phenotypes methods	Identifying and functions in asthma	Possible pathways	Ref.
IL-18R1	2	Asthma	GWAS	Activation of NF-κB, inducing TH-associated cytokines	[15,25]
IL-1RL1	2	Asthma, Eos	GWAS	Receptor for IL-33	[15,23,94]
IL-5RA	3	IgE	Epigenetics	TH2 inflammation, regulating eosinophils	[39]
IL-12A	3	Lung function	GWAS	TH1 regulation, activating IFN-γ	[24]
IL-4	5	IgE	Epigenetics	TH2 inflammation, promoting IgE class switching	[39]
IL-13	5	Asthma, IgE	GWAS/epigenetics	TH2 inflammation, promoting IgE class switching	[15,22]
IL-5	5	Asthma	GWAS/epigenetics	TH2 inflammation, regulating eosinophils	[29,36,94]
IL-9	5	Asthma	Expression profiling	Stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis	[29]
IL-33	9	Asthma	GWAS	Inducing TH-associated cytokines	[15,23,26,94]
IL-2RA	10	Asthma	Epigenetics	PI3K-Akt signalling pathway and Akt signalling	[38]
IL-4R	16	Asthma	Expression profiling	TH2 inflammation	[28]
IL-12RB1	19	Lung function	GWAS	TH1 regulation, activating IFN-γ	[24]
IL-2RB	22	Asthma	GWAS	Endocytosis and transducer mitogenic signals	[15]

GWAS: Genome-wide association study; IL: Interleukin; IgE: Immunoglobulin E; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B.