Translating laboratory anti-aging biotechnology into applied clinical practice: Problems and obstacles

Table 1 Problems and obstacles associated with some biomedical technologies

Biomedical technologies	Applied translational and clinical problems
Tissue engineering	Harvesting of autologous material, transplantation surgery, immunosuppression, infrastructure of delivery[13]
Stem cell therapies	Clinical harvesting of cells, delivery (such as problems with bone marrow transplants[14]), inadequate integration of transplanted cells[15] and earlier-than-planned re-treatments
Immune therapies	Side effects, non-compliance, reluctance to accept as a treatment[16]
Genetic therapies	Immunity to vector, inadequate integration and assimilation of genes, unknown variables relating to genetic cross-talk[17] and over-expression, practical delivery methodologies
Nanomedicine	Unknown and unpredictable side effects (including immune system disruption), unknown end-results, toxicity, inflammation[18]
Pharmacological therapies	Ineffective or complex treatments, tolerance, clinical polypharmacy, side effects, interactions and non-compliance[19]
Other disruptive interventions (apoptotic modulation, crosslink breakers, chemotherapy, chromosomal interventions)	Unpredictability of the combined effect, adverse effects, cost, compliance, ethical and psychological problems, inadequate clinical capability to deliver the treatments[20]