Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitides with renal involvement: Open challenges in the remission induction therapy

Table 4 New agents investigated in preclinical models and clinical trials in humans for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitides with renal involvement

Agent	Therapeutic target	Preclinical models	Human trials
Avacopan	Complement C5a receptor inhibitor	Mice[72]	CLEAR, a phase II trial, Status: Completed[73] CLASSIC, a phase II trial, Status: Completed[74] ADVOCATE, a phase III trial, Status: Recruiting (NCT02994927)[75]
Bortezomib	Proteasome inhibitor	Mice[76]	Not available
Fostamatinib	Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor	Mice[79]	Not available
Anakinra	Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)	Mice[80]	Not available
Gusperimus	NF-κB translocalization inhibition in leucocytes IFNγ, IL-6, IL-10 production reduction	Mice[82]	Phase II trials[83-85] Status: Completed
Alemtuzumab	Anti-CD52 humanized antibody inducing T-cell and macrophages depletion	Not available	Phase II trial[86] Status: Completed