Causal relationship between hypoalbuminemia and acute kidney injury

Table 3 Included studies on infectious diseases

Ref.	Population/setting	Study design	Overall study size	Albumin measurement	Hypoalbuminemia-related outcomes
					AKI/ARF	Mortality
Prakash et al[22]	HIV	Prospective, observational	3540	Albumin level at hospitalization	ND	2.14 g/dL in patients who died vs 3.2 g/dL in survivors; P < 0.001
Vannaphan et al[34]	Severe falciparum malaria	Retrospective, observational	915	Albumin < 3.5 g/dL	Associated with ARF (P < 0.001)	ND
Lee et al[39]	Acute viral hepatitis A	Retrospective, observational	391	Albumin < 3.0 g/dL	OR = 8.24 (95%CI: 2.53-26.86; P < 0.0001)	ND
Lee et al[35]	Scrub typhus	Retrospective, observational	246	Admission albumin < 3.0 g/dL vs ≥ 3.0 g/dL	Increased rate of non-oliguric ARF (40.4% vs 11.1%; P < 0.001)	ND
Mehra et al[40]	Dengue fever	Retrospective, observational	223	Admission Albumin level	Lower albumin (2.65 g/dL) in patients with vs without AKI (3.09 g/dL; P < 0.001)	ND
Vikrant et al[36]	Scrub typhus	Retrospective, observational	174	Admission albumin level	ND	2.4 g/dL in patients who died vs 2.9 g/dL in survivors; P < 0.001
Ceylan et al[41]	Antibiotic therapy	Retrospective, observational	112	Albumin level at start of colistin therapy	Lower albumin (2.4 g/dL vs 2.7 g/dL) predicts colistin-induced AKI: OR = 0.643 (95%CI: 0.415-0.994; P = 0.047)	ND
Trimarchi et al[37]	H1N1 pneumonia	Retrospective, observational	22	Albumin level at study inclusion	NS	ARF in 10 of 12 deaths: 1.82 g/dL in patients who died vs 2.61 g/dL in survivors; P < 0.01

AKI: Acute kidney injury; ARF: Acute renal failure; ND: Not disclosed; OR: Odds ratio; NS: Not significant.