Clinicopathological spectrum of snake bite-induced acute kidney injury from India

Table 8 Studies of snake bite-induced acute kidney injury

Ref.	Chugh[9]	Pinho et al[11]	Athappan et al[20]	Danis et al[21]	David et al[22]	Dharod et al[23]	Harshavardhan et al[24]	Albuqerque et al[25]	Krishnamurthy et al[26]	Li et al[27]	Naqvi et al[28]	Singh et al[29]	Mukhopadhyay et al[30]	The present study
Year	1989	2005	2008	2008	2012	2013	2013	2014	2015	2016	2016	2016	2016	2016
Place	Chandigarh	São Paulo	Madurai	Diyarbakir	Vellore	Nagpur	Hassan	Fortaleza	Puducherry	Chengdu	Karachi	Barabanki	Kolkata	Shimla
Country	India	Brazil	India	Turkey	India	India	India	Brazil	India	China	Pakistan	India	India	India
Type of study	Retrospective	Prospective	Prospective	Retrospective	Retrospective	Prospective	Prospective	Retrospective	Prospective	Retrospective	Retrospective	Retrospective	Prospective	Retrospective
Time period (yr)	22	3.6	2	7	10	1.7	1	10	1.6	1.8	25	1.5	1.3	13
Total patients (n)	246	100	1548	200	533	281	246	276	61	119	-	138	460	-
AKI, n (%)	70 (28)	29 (29)	159 (10.3)	16 (8)	143 (26.8)	87 (31)	36 (14.6)	42 (15.2)	28 (45.9)	16 (13.4)	115	62 (44.9)	155 (33.7)	121 (18.1)b
Age (yr) mean ± SD	27.1 ± 15.8	24	39.1	40.3 ± 18.8	32 ± 15.9	36.1 ± 14.6	41.2 ± 12.4	43 ± 20	8	66 ± 7	35.9 ± 15	34.1 ± 1.6	36.3 ± 1.3	42.2 ± 15.1
Male (%)	-	83	56.7	50	69.4	70.1	55.5	76.2	53.6	50	62	80.6	69	42.1
Duration at arrival (d) Mean ± SD	-	< 0.5	0.9	0.1 ± 0.1	< 1	0.9 ± 1.8	0.9	1	0.2	1.3 ± 0.9	8.8 ± 5.6	2.8 ± 1.3	3.2a	3.4 ± 3.7
Bite site at lower limb (%)	-	83	98.7	88	71.7	78.2	81.2	-	-	-	-	-	88.7	85.2
Oligo-anuria, n (%)	94	13.8	100	37.5	-	100	94	-	60.7	-	94	-	66	79.5
Hematuria (%)	80	83	70	-	64.3	-	80	-	24.6	-	-	58.1	-	54.5
Limb swelling/cellulitis (%)	-	98.7	-	-	92	91.6	0	57.1	39	-	41	51.6	63.2	13.6
Hypotension (%)	16	-	17.7	-	-	19.5	33.3	-	-	6.3	-	45.2	33.5	4.5
Neurotoxicity (%)	-	100	-	-	-	12.1	-	28.6	-	-	12.1	3.2	-	5.7
Bleeding/coagulopathy (%)	-	83	27.8	-	-	83	38.8	52.4	37.7	-	65.2	50	65.8	88.6
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	7 ± 2.6	-	-	13.2 ± 3.4	-	7.2 ± 1.4	-	9.4 ± 2.5	-	13.3 ± 1.2	8.3	-	-	9.6 ± 2.6
WBC count (× 103/mL)	-	-	-	19.3 ± 3.7	-	-	-	13.6 ± 5.2	-	11.5 ± 3.8	13.2	-	-	15 ± 7.4
Urea (mg/dL)	233 ± 107	-	100	113 ± 78	-	163 ± 83	85 ± 29.2	107 ± 74	-	-	-	-	-	169 ± 75
Creatinine (mg/dL)	9.2 ± 3.4	-	4.2	2.9 ± 0.5	-	4.9 ± 2.5	3.1 ± 1.5	3 ± 2.9	-	-	-	-	4.6 ± 0.2	7.2 ± 4.2
Hemolysis (%)	54	-	28.1	-	-	-	13.8	-	-	-	-	-	-	85.2
Thrombocytopenia (%)	14	-	25.2	60	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	9.7	47.7
DIC (%)	43	-	27.8	25	-	-	11.1	-	-	-	-	-	27.1	9.1
RRT (%)	75.7	24.1	45.3	25	57	55.2	44.4	30.6	35.7	-	92.2	-	100	81.8
DOHS (d)	-	-	5	6.7 ± 3.6	-	-	9	8	8	11.6 ± 2.7	-	-	11	10
Mortality (%)	28.6	10.3	22.6	18	21	39.1	22.2	0	14.3	6.3	13	-	29.7	9.1

^aBite to hemodialysis initiation time;

^bEighty-one (18.1%) out of total of 447 snake bite had AKI. DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation; RRT: Renal replacement therapy; DOHS: Duration of hospital stay.