Any link of gout disease control among hypertensive patients and onset of end-stage renal disease? Results from a population-based study

Table 4 Characteristics of patients with end-stage renal disease and their matched controls

	Cases occurring in the follow-up and their controls
	Cases (n = 22)	Controls (n = 319)
Characteristics, % (n) unless otherwise noted
Allopurinol adherence ≥ 80%	31.8 (7)	57.1 (182)
Age (mean, continuous)1	74.2 (60-78)	74.8 (60-78)
Older than 75 yr1	36.4 (8)	38.6 (123)
Ischemic heart disease2	18.2 (4)	24.8 (79)
Heart failure2	9.1 (2)	8.5 (27)
Cardiac dysrhythmias2	0 (0)	8.2 (26)
Atrial fibrillation2	0 (0)	4.7 (15)
Peripheral arterial disease2	9.1 (2)	12.5 (40)
Cerebrovascular disease2	18.2 (4)	14.7 (47)
Dyslipidemia2	13.6 (3)	29.8 (95)
Diabetes2	18.2 (4)	19.1 (258)
Chronic kidney disease with grade 1 to 33	54.6 (12)	12.9 (41)
Acute renal failure2	9.1 (2)	3.1 (10)
Pulmonary disease (COPD/asthma)2	22.7 (5)	37.6 (120)
Dementia2	4.6 (1)	1.6 (5)
Rheumatic disease2	4.6 (1)	5.6 (18)
Gastrointestinal disease2	4.6 (1)	11.3 (36)
Severity of hypertension (1-yr prior to ESRD)
No use of antihypertensive agent	4.6 (1)	8.8 (28)
Monotherapy	36.4 (8)	43.0 (137)
2 antihypertensive agents	36.4 (8)	35.1 (112)
≥ 3 antihypertensive agents	22.7 (5)	13.2 (42)

¹At treatment initiation;

²ICD-9 or ICD-10 identified in the 5 years preceding cohort entry;

³Chronic kidney disease at grade 1 to 3 defined as having ICD-9 or ICD-10 with the absence of medication for phosphate binding or for hyperparathyroidism control. COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD: End-stage renal disease.