Diabetes mellitus increases the prevalence of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: A nested case-control study

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate regression analysis for occurrence of anemia (defined as serum hemoglobin levels < 130 g/L for men and < 120 g/L for women and/or use of recombinant erythropoietin) in the total studied population

Parameter	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
	Unadjusted odds ratio (95%CI)	P	Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI)	P
ΒΜΙ Groups
Normal (18.5-25)	Reference group
Underweight (< 18.5)	0.545 (0.046-6.443)	0.63
Overweight (25-30)	0.714 (0.377-1.350)	0.3
Obese (> 30)	0.708 (0.348-1.442)	0.342
Age
< 75 yr	Reference group		Reference group
≥ 75 yr	1.623 (1.028-2.564)	0.038	1.198 (0.694-2.069)	0.517
Gender
Male	Reference group		Reference group
Female	0.546 (0.357-0.833)	0.005	0.389 (0.224-0.675)	0.001
CKD Stages
Stage 2	Reference group		Reference group
Stage 3a	7.207 (2.656-19.566)	< 0.001	6.068 (2.112-17.430)	0.001
Stage 3b	7.162 (2.694-19.038)	< 0.001	7.499 (2.604-21.597)	< 0.001
Stage 4	11.414 (3.999-32.582)	< 0.001	12.169 (3.783-39.147)	< 0.001
Diabetes	1.848 (1.212-2.818)	0.004	2.206 (1.196-4.069)	0.011
Hypertension	0.663 (0.280-1.573)	0.351
Dyslipidemia	0.745 (0.491-1.130)	0.166	0.659 (0.404-1.074)	0.094
Coronary heart disease	1.446 (0.934-2.239)	0.098	1.048 (0.506-1.960)	0.883
Heart failure	1.725 (1.003-2.967)	0.049	1.228 (0.628-2.398)	0.548
Arrhythmia	0.788 (0.412-1.509)	0.472
Smoking	1.051 (0.662-1.667)	0.834
Serum glucose levels (per mg/dL increase)	1.006 (1.002 to 1.011)	0.009	0.999 (0.992-1.005)	0.736
Serum iron (per mg/dL increase)	0.978 (0.970-0.986)	< 0.001	0.976 (0.968-0.985)	< 0.001
Ferritin (per ng/mL increase)	0.998 (0.995-1.001)	0.209
24 h urine protein excretion (per mg increase)	1.000 (1.000-1.003)	0.146	1.000 (1.000-1.001)	0.772
ACEIs/ARBs	0.690 (0.443-1.075)	0.101	0.963 (0.565-1.641)	0.888
Antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs	1.413 (0.927-2.156)	0.108	1.161 (0.669-2.015)	0.595

ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; BMI: Body mass index.