Diabetes mellitus increases the prevalence of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: A nested case-control study

Table 2 Comparisons between the two study groups for anemia-related parameters in total study population and by chronic kidney disease stages (statistically significant P values are indicated in bold)

Parameter	Total studypopulation	P	Stage 2	P	Stage 3	P	Stage 3a	P	Stage 3b	P	Stage 4	P
Hematocrit (%)
Diabetics	39.02 ± 4.30	0.015	42.27 ± 4.79	0.324	38.69 ± 3.97	0.001	38.92 ± 4.08	< 0.001	38.53 ± 3.91	0.278	37.63 ± 4.02	0.687
Non-diabetics	40.07 ± 4		41.18 ± 2.83		40.34 ± 4.09		41.93 ± 4.10		39.21 ± 3.71		38.04 ± 3.9
Hemoglobin (g/L)
Diabetics	128.7 ± 15.6	0.036	141.8 ± 17.4	0.21	127.4 ± 14.1	0.003	128.2 ± 14.8	0.001	126.9 ± 13.6	0.383	122.7 ± 14.1	0.58
Non-diabetics	131.9 ± 14.0		136.7 ± 10.9		132.7 ± 14.1		138.2 ± 14.0		128.8 ± 13.0		124.7 ± 13.5
MCV (fL)
Diabetics	87.62 ± 6.99	0.739	87.76 ± 74.2	0.536	87.70 ± 7.49	0.633	87.78 ± 5.88	0.81	87.65 ± 8.5	0.457	87.11 ± 6.86	0.527
Non-diabetics	87.9 ± 6.99		86 ± 13.7		88.20 ± 8.83		87.45 ± 8.34		88.73 ± 9.17		88.29 ± 7.68
MCH (pg/cell)
Diabetics	29.91 ± 5.08	0.748	29.53 ± 2.21	0.684	30.28 ± 5.89	0.494	29.52 ± 2.24	0.792	30.82 ± 7.45	0.526	28.76 ± 2.42	0.415
Non-diabetics	29.78 ± 2.64		29.83 ± 3		29.89 ± 2.55		29.4 ± 2.75		30.25 ± 2.35		29.3 ± 2.73
MCHC (g/L)
Diabetics	323.8 ± 17.6	0.523	333.6 ± 12.0	0.03	321.6 ± 19.0	0.362	323.0 ± 21.7	0.982	320.6 ± 16.9	0.174	324.8 ± 11.6	0.282
Non-diabetics	322.6 ± 20.1		319.5 ± 29.5		323.7 ± 18.4		322.9 ± 20.9		324.3 ± 16.4		320.3 ± 19.7
Serum iron (μmol/L)
Diabetics	12.35	0.783	2.75	0.027	12.17	0.351	12.71	0.86	11.01	0.194	10.92	0.559
	(1.61-35.73)		(1.09-4.23)		(1.61-35.73)		(1.61-28.28)		(2.15-35.73)		(3.83-20.23)
Non-diabetics	12.53		2.21		12.53		12.35		12.71		11.99
	(2.69-27.03)		(0.38-4.13)		(2.69-27.03)		(4.47-23.27)		(2.69-27.03)		(3.94-23.81)
Ferritin (ng/mL)
Diabetics	200	< 0.001	230.3	0.01	175.3	0.003	175.3	0.013	175.3	0.061	220.2	0.011
	(17.3-1048.7)		(62.9-570.7)		(17.3-1048.7)		(23.4-1048.7)		(7.7-1015.6)		(25.6-867.3)
Non-diabetics	148.3		155.1		148.3		155.1		143.8		143.8
	(7.2-993.2)		(78.6-435.9)		(22.5-993.2)		(22.5-294.4)		(26.9-993.2)		(7.2-441.4)
24 h urine protein Excretion (mg)
Diabetics	527	< 0.001	283	0.126	530	< 0.001	545	< 0.001	525	< 0.001	670	0.647
	(59-9300)		(68-5100)		(59-9300)		(129-1700)		(59-9300)		(95-3800)
Non-diabetics	320		245		300		250		375		560
	(65-3100)		(110-780)		(65-3100)		(65-1500)		(104-3100)		(117-3100)
Smoking (n, %)
Diabetics	73 (39.7)	< 0.001	10 (38.5)	0.375	57 (44.9)	< 0.001	32 (60.4)	0.011	25 (33.8)	< 0.001	6 (19.4)	0.255
Non-diabetics	31 (16.8)		7 (26.9)		22 (17.3)		19 (35.8)		3 (4.1)		2 (6.5)
Use of erythropoietin (n, %)
Diabetics	15 (8.2)	0.851	0 (0)	n/a	9 (7.1)	0.271	4 (7.5)	0.118	5 (6.8)	1	6 (80.6)	0.155
Non-diabetics	16 (8.7)		0 (0)		5 (3.9)		0 (0)		5 (6.8)		11 (35.5)
Iron supplements therapy (n, %)
Diabetics	27 (14.7)	0.152	1 (3.8)	1	19 (15)	0.076	8 (15.1)	0.111	11 (14.9)	0.314	7 (22.6)	1
Non-diabetics	18 (9.8)		1 (3.8)		10 (7.9)		3 (5.7)		7 (9.5)		7 (22.6)
ACEIs/ARBs (n, %)
Diabetics	121 (65.8)	0.372	22 (84.6)	1	88 (69.3)	0.784	38 (71.7)	0.831	50 (67.6)	0.592	11 (35.5)	0.075
Non-diabetics	129 (70.1)		21 (80.8)		90 (70.9)		37 (69.8)		53 (71.6)		18 (58.1)
Antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs (n, %)
Diabetics	86 (46.7)	0.034	9 (34.6)	0.199	62 (48.8)	0.165	27 (50.9)	0.171	35 (47.3)	0.508	15 (48.4)	0.303
Non-diabetics	66 (35.9)		4 (15.4)		51 (40.2)		20 (37.7)		31 (41.9)		11 (35.5)

ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; MCH: Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; n/a: Not applicable.