Chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents in Brunei Darussalam

Table 5 Comparisons of paediatric epidemiological data from different countries from 1990-2015

	Period	No. of patients	Main aetiology	Male/female ratio	Mean age at diagnosis	GFR/CKD stage	Incidence	Prevalence
Brunei	2004-2013	89	GN (69%)	1.3	4.5	Mainly CKD 1 (81%)	91	736 (CKD1)
								132 (CKD2 and above)
								83 (CKD3 and above)
								50 (CKD4 and above)
								33 (CKD5)
Italy[10]	1990-2000	1197	CAKUT (58%)	2.0	6.9	GFR 42 (mean)	12.1	75
Belgium[11]	2001-2005	143	CAKUT (59%)	1.3	3.0	Mainly CKD 3 (67%)	11.9	56
Spain[12]	2007-2008	605		1.9	3.9	GFR 52 (mean)	8.7	71
United States[15]	1994-2007	7037	CAKUT (48%)
Kuwait[16]	1996-2003	171	CAKUT 62%	2.7	33 mo	30% of patient reached ESRD within 18 mo of diagnosis	38-55
Vietnam[17]	2001-2005	152		1.7	11.3	65% received RRT		5.1
Sudan[18]	2001-2006	205	GN 25%	1.7	9.8	63% of cohort reached ESRD during the follow up period
Turkey[19]	2005	282	“Urological problem” 44.3%	1.3	8.0	CKD2-5	11.9
Thailand[20]	1982-2005	101	GN 35%	1.6			Not rare	Double in last 6 yr of research
Jordan[21]	1988-2001	202	CAKUT 42%	1.3	7.5	59/202 patients require RRT	10.7	51
China[22]	1990-2002	1658	GN 52%	1.5	8.18	Mean serum creatinine 594.7 mmol/L

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; CAKUT: Congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract; GN: Glomerulonephritis; ESRD: End stage renal disease.