Secondary amyloidosis in autoinflammatory diseases and the role of inflammation in renal damage

Figure 1 Model of nod-like receptor protein-3 inflammasome activation and the role of the nod-like receptor protein-3 inflammasome in the two-step activation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18[10,12]. Activation of the NLPR3 inflammasome requires two signals. Signal 1: Activation of TLRs, IL-1Rs and TNFRs induces the transcription and translation of NF-κB to produce pro-forms of IL-1β and IL-18; Signal 2: Enzymatic cleavage by (caspase-11-driven) caspase-1 to secrete mature cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TLR: Toll-like receptor.