Baroreflex dysfunction in chronic kidney disease

Table 1 Cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease

Traditional risk factors	Non-traditional factors
Sympathetic hyperactivity	Albuminuria
Hyperhomocysteinemia	Inflammation
Hypertension	Oxidative stress
High LDL cholesterol	Anemia
Low HDL cholesterol	Abnormal calcium/phosphate metabolism
Diabetes	Extracellular fluid volume overload
Smoking	Electrolyte imbalance
Physical inactivity	Malnutrition
Menopause	Sleep disturbances
Family history of CVD	Endothelial dysfunction

LDL: Low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; CVD: Cardiovascular disease.