Combined functional and anatomical diagnostic endpoints for assessing arteriovenous fistula dysfunction

Figure 6 (A) Variation in morphological changes of the venous segment with respect to corresponding temporal gradient of wall shear stress (τ΄) for arteriovenous fistulas with favorable remodeling and adverse remodeling[51]. Morphological changes were quantified by calculating the ratio of differences in luminal diameter of venous segment over time (ΔD_h) to the corresponding amount of intima-media thickening (IMT). The IMT was calculated from (B) histology analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). The IMT was calculated as the average of intima-media thicknesses at four quadrants of each H and E staining slide. FR: Favorable remodeling; AR: Adverse remodeling; AVFs: Arteriovenous fistulas. Reprinted from Rajabi-Jagahrgh et al[51], with permission.