Combined functional and anatomical diagnostic endpoints for assessing arteriovenous fistula dysfunction

Figure 5 Variation in (A) temporal gradient of wall shear stress and (B) temporal gradient of luminal area of the venous segment for arteriovenous fistulas with favorable remodeling and adverse remodeling over time[50]. FR: Favorable remodeling; AR: Adverse remodeling. The t/d in the x axis stands for time (days). Reprinted from Rajabi-Jagahrgh et al[50], with permission.