Combined functional and anatomical diagnostic endpoints for assessing arteriovenous fistula dysfunction

Figure 1 Schematic of the locations of (A) inflow stenosis, and (B) outflow lesion with respect to the anastomosis and cannulation sites[27]. The (green) arrows in A and B represent the direction of blood flow within the arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and the dialysis needles; B: Depicts a recirculation condition under which due to significant outflow stenosis the blood flow from dialysis machine returns back to dialyzer; C: An angiographic picture of an AVF with multiple inflow stenoses (single head arrows) and outflow stenosis (double head arrow and the arrow head). Reprinted from Asif et al[25] and Fahrtash et al[27], with permission.