Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease: Current status and future directions

Table 4 Possible clinical interventions for metabolic syndrome in chronic kidney disease^a,b

Clinical intervention	Ref.
Lifestyle modification: weight reduction, dietary adjustment (calorie and phosphate reduction), increased physical activity, and/or smoking cessation	[91-94]
Weight loss medication (orlistat) or surgery	[95,97]
Lipid-lowering medication (statins, fibrates)	[96,104,105]
Blood pressure-lowering medication (renin-angiotensin system antagonists)	[100]
Blood glucose-lowering medication (metformin, thiazolidinediones)	[102,103]

^aIt is recommended that individual national society guidelines be followed in the management of individual metabolic syndrome components; ^bInterventions are individualized and used in combination.