Advances in the pathophysiology and treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: The importance of a timely and tailored approach

Table 1 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis histologic variants

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis histologic variants	Description
Collapsing	Clinically, the disease manifests as a nephrotic syndrome and a rapid, progressive loss of kidney function. Studies in animal models and investigations in patients have identified several clinical and genetic conditions associated with this form of glomerulopathy, as well as possible pathogenetic mechanisms, which are investigated here
Cellular	Shows a proliferation of cells in the affected glomeruli, with inflammatory proliferation and glomerular segments populated with inflammatory cells
Perihilar	This form mainly affects the perihilar region of the glomerulus and is frequently observed in patients with hyperfiltration and long-term adaptation to an increased renal stress
Apical pole (tip lesion)	It mainly involves the apical region of the glomeruli and is common in patients with nephrotic syndrome and a more favorable clinical prognosis
Not otherwise specified	This is the most common form and is used for cases that do not fall under the variants described above and have a less specific histologic picture