Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, and periostin: Novel urinary biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy

Table 2 Blood parameters and urine biomarkers of the study population

Parameter	Control (n = 40)	Normoalbuminuria (n = 40)	Microalbuminuria (n = 40)	Macroalbuminuria (n = 40)	P value
Urea	24.75 ± 6.78	24.23 ± 6.56	22.58 ± 10.196	28.63 ± 13.52	0.042
Creatinine	0.75 ± 0.431,2,3	0.85 ± 0.36	0.83 ± 0.45	1.18 ± 0.5	< 0.001
Fasting blood sugar	92.75 ± 8.321,2,3	173.88 ± 83.01	199.7 ± 56.15	202.78 ± 102.01	< 0.001
Postprandial blood sugar	138.55 ± 15.021,2,3	268.85 ± 117.934,5	337.48 ± 97.98	326.9 ± 118.48	< 0.001
Glycated hemoglobin	5.03 ± 0.151,2,3	8.53 ± 2.07	9.5 ± 1.66	9.35 ± 2.52	< 0.001
Estimated glomerular filtration rate	117.08 ± 30.01	111.18 ± 27.35	110.88 ± 39.96	77 ± 27.48	< 0.001
Urine albumin creatinine ratio	5.35 ± 6.491,2,3	11.13 ± 6.634,5	150.58 ± 81.46	1612.55 ± 2064.23	< 0.001
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (µg/L)	3.75 ± 2.431,2,3	5.28 ± 2.594,5	6.85 ± 2.816	9.15 ± 2.02	< 0.001
Kidney injury molecule-1 (ng/mL)	0.7 ± 0.641,2,3	1.33 ± 0.574,5	1.85 ± 1.166	2.45 ± 0.9	< 0.001
Periostin (ng/mL)	29.25 ± 13.151,2,3	41.8 ± 24.174,5	53.65 ± 14.576	64.6 ± 9.1	< 0.001

¹Significance difference between control and normoalbuminuria.

²Significance difference between control and microalbuminuria.

³Significance difference between control and macroalbuminuria.

⁴Significance difference between normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria.

⁵Significance difference between normoalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria.

⁶Significance difference between microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria.

Data are mean ± SD.