Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, and periostin: Novel urinary biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population, n (%)

Parameter	Control (n = 40)	Normoalbuminuria (n = 40)	Microalbuminuria (n = 40)	Macroalbuminuria (n = 40)	P value
Mean age in years (SD)	52.83 (7.65)	49.63 (8.76)	51.05 (6.54)	53.73 (10.71)	0.144
Male	25 (62.5)	23 (57.5)	28 (70)	26 (65)	0.704
Smoking habit	4 (10)	4 (10)	4 (10)	5 (12.5)	0.978
Alcohol consumption	7 (17.5)	8 (20)	9 (22.5)	7 (17.5)	0.932
Mean duration of diabetes mellitus in years (SD)	-	2.23 (2.41)4,5	5.98 (7.08)6	8.55 (6.76)	< 0.001
Mean body mass index (SD) (kg/m2)	24.43 (3.4)	24.8 (3.7)	24 (4.29)	23.8 (3.58)	0.656
Mean systolic blood pressure (SD)	118.8 (10.83)1,2,3	124.88 (8.7)5	128.78 (10.11)	132.08 (13.8)	< 0.001
Mean diastolic blood pressure (SD)	78.75 (7.21)2,3	81.3 (6.91)	84.63 (7.52)	85.18 (10.06)	0.001

¹Significance difference between control and normoalbuminuria.

²Significance difference between control and microalbuminuria.

³Significance difference between control and macroalbuminuria.

⁴Significance difference between normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria.

⁵Significance difference between normoalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria.

⁶Significance difference between microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria.

Data are n (%) unless indicated otherwise.