Bleeding complications after percutaneous kidney biopsies – nationwide experience from Brunei Darussalam

Table 4 Odds ratios for blood transfusion

Variables	Classifications	Univariate logistic regression			Multivariate logistic regression1
		OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Age (yr)		1.00	0.95-1.05	0.951
Gender	Female	Reference
	Male	0.44	0.08-2.33	0.338
Ethnicity	Malay	Reference
	Chinese	NA	NA	NA
	Indian	NA	NA	NA
	Other	NA	NA	NA
Mean weight (kg)		0.99	0.95-1.04	0.809
Hypertension	No	Reference
	Yes	0.89	0.19-4.06	0.880
Diabetes	No	Reference
	Yes	0.63	0.07-5.31	0.667
Dialysis before biopsy	No	Reference
	Yes	NA	NA	NA
Clinical syndrome	AKI	Reference
	Isolated hematuria	NA	NA	NA
	Isolated non-nephrotic proteinuria	NA	NA	NA
	Hemo-proteinuria	NA	NA	NA
	Nephritic syndrome	NA	NA	NA
	RPGN	NA	NA	NA
	Nephrotic syndrome	0.45	0.03-7.47	0.577
	Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome	NA	NA	NA
	CKD of undefined cause	1.55	0.17-13.9	0.694
	Other	NA	NA	NA
Mean hemoglobin (g/dL)	> 11	Reference
	≤ 11	6.67	0.79-56.2	0.0812
Mean platelet (10 × 109/L)		0.88	0.79-0.98	0.0212	0.88	0.79-0.98	0.021
Median creatinine (µmol/L)		1.001	0.999-1.003	0.105
Median urea (mmol/L)		1.068	0.999-1.141	0.0522
Mean albumin (g/L)		0.93	0.86-1.01	0.105
Median cholesterol (mmol/L)		0.94	0.71-1.24	0.654
Presence of urine RBC	No	Reference
	Yes	8	0.95-67.5	0.0562
Median urine protein:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)		1	0.9997-1.0006	0.415
Median 24 h urine total protein (g/day)		0.88	0.66-1.18	0.389
Mean complement C3 (g/L)	≥ 0.8	Reference
	< 0.8	6.32	1.20-33.3	0.0302
Mean complement C4 (g/L)	≥ 0.15	Reference
	< 0.15	5.43	1.16-25.4	0.0322
Presence of ANA	No	Reference
	Yes	6.39	1.21-33.8	0.0292
Presence of anti-dsDNA	No	Reference
	Yes	12.6	2.18-72.5	0.0052
Presence of ENA	No	Reference
	Yes	2.83	0.49-16.2	0.244
Presence of ANCA		NA	NA	NA
Presence of HBV		NA	NA	NA
Presence of HCV		NA	NA	NA
Presence of HIV		NA	NA	NA
Kidney type	Native	Reference
	Transplanted	1.36	0.16-11.7	0.781
Site of kidney		NA	NA	NA
Mean size of biopsied kidney (cm)	> 12	Reference
	≤ 12	1.18	0.22-6.19	0.849
Procedurist	Radiologist 1	Reference
	Radiologist 2	NA	NA	NA
	Radiologist 3	0.79	0.13-4.86	0.797
	Radiologist 4	2.17	0.21-22.6	0.518
	Radiologist 5	0.54	0.05-5.36	0.600
	Radiologist 6	NA	NA	NA
Guidance	Ultrasound	Reference
	CT	0.81	0.10-6.93	0.850
Number of passes	1	NA	NA	NA
	2	Reference
	3	NA	NA	NA
	4	22.4	1.67-300.3	0.0192
Number of cores	1	23	1.71-308.7	0.0182
	2	Reference
	3	NA	NA	NA
	4	15.3	1.30-181.4	0.0302

¹Only p-value < 0.05 in the multivariate analysis is shown.

²p-value < 0.1.

OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95%confidence interval; NA: Not applicable (as zero cell count); AKI: Acute kidney injury; RPGN: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; RBC: Red blood cell; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; Anti-dsDNA: Anti-double stranded DNA; ENA: Extractable nuclear antigen antibodies; ANCA: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency virus; CT: Computer tomography.