Bleeding complications after percutaneous kidney biopsies – nationwide experience from Brunei Darussalam

Table 3 Odds ratios for bleeding complications

Variables	Classifications	Univariate logistic regression			Multivariate logistic regression1
		OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Age (yr)		1.02	0.99-1.06	0.254
Gender	Female	Reference
	Male	0.49	0.17-1.47	0.204
Ethnicity	Malay	Reference
	Chinese	2.55	0.28-23.2	0.407
	Indian	NA	NA	NA
	Other	NA	NA	NA
Mean weight (kg)		1.01	0.98-1.04	0.428
Hypertension	No	Reference
	Yes	1.2	0.44-3.31	0.720
Diabetes	No	Reference
	Yes	1.8	0.60-5.42	0.297
Dialysis before biopsy	No	Reference
	Yes	2.16	0.57-8.13	0.256
Clinical syndrome	AKI	Reference
	Isolated hematuria	NA	NA	NA
	Isolated non-nephrotic proteinuria	NA	NA	NA
	Hemo-proteinuria	0.33	0.03-3.43	0.355
	Nephritic syndrome	NA	NA	NA
	RPGN	NA	NA	NA
	Nephrotic syndrome	0.28	0.04-1.80	0.180
	Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome	NA	NA	NA
	CKD of undefined cause	1.02	0.26-3.98	0.982
	Other	NA	NA	NA
Mean hemoglobin (g/dL)	> 11	Reference			Reference
	≤ 11	5.04	1.40-18.15	0.0132	4.11	1.12-15.1	0.033
Mean platelet (× 109/L)	> 250	Reference
	≤ 250	3.23	1.13-9.20	0.0282
Median creatinine (µmol/L)	< 265	Reference
	≥ 265	3.62	1.27-10.3	0.0162
Median urea (mmol/L)	< 10	Reference
	≥ 10	3.8	1.19-12.12	0.0242
Mean albumin (g/L)		0.95	0.90-1.01	0.0802
Median cholesterol (mmol/L)		0.91	0.75-1.11	0.346
Presence of urine RBC	No	Reference			Reference
	Yes	6.1	1.7-22	0.0062	5.24	1.43-19.1	0.012
Median urine protein:creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)		1	0.9996-1.0005	0.787
Median 24 h urine total protein (g/day)		0.92	0.78-1.09	0.351
Mean complement C3 (g/L)	≥ 0.8	Reference
	< 0.8	3.35	1.20-9.36	0.0212
Mean complement C4 (g/L)	≥ 0.15	Reference
	< 0.15	3.41	1.10-10.5	0.0332
Presence of ANA	No	Reference
	Yes	2.98	1.03-8.58	0.0442
Presence of anti-dsDNA	No	Reference
	Yes	3.94	1.19-13.1	0.0252
Presence of ENA	No	Reference
	Yes	1.89	0.48-7.48	0.363
Presence of ANCA		NA	NA	NA
Presence of HBV		NA	NA	NA
Presence of HCV		NA	NA	NA
Presence of HIV		NA	NA	NA
Kidney type	Native	Reference
	Transplanted	0.52	0.07-4.10	0.536
Site of kidney		NA	NA	NA
Mean size of biopsied kidney (cm)	> 12	Reference
	≤ 12	2.11	0.58-7.63	0.254
Procedurist	Radiologist 1	Reference
	Radiologist 2	0.30	0.04-2.48	0.265
	Radiologist 3	0.51	0.15-1.73	0.277
	Radiologist 4	0.68	0.08-5.83	0.722
	Radiologist 5	0.17	0.02-1.38	0.101
	Radiologist 6	NA	NA	NA
Guidance	Ultrasound	Reference
	CT	2.39	0.79-7.28	0.124
Number of passes	1	NA	NA	NA
	2	Reference
	3	NA	NA	NA
	4	8.65	0.72-103.7	0.0892
Number of cores	1	35.6	2.97-426.6	0.0052
	2	Reference
	3	NA	NA	NA
	4	5.93	0.57-62.3	0.138

¹Only P value < 0.05 in the multivariate analysis is shown.

²P value < 0.1.

OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; NA: Not applicable (as zero cell count); AKI: Acute kidney injury; RPGN: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; RBC: Red blood cell; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; Anti-dsDNA: Anti-double stranded DNA; ENA: Extractable nuclear antigen antibodies; ANCA: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency virus; CT: Computer tomography.