Bleeding complications after percutaneous kidney biopsies – nationwide experience from Brunei Darussalam

Table 2 Characteristics of study cohort (categorical variables)

Variables	Classifications	N = 255	Missing
Male gender		120 (47%)
Ethnicity	Malay	207 (81.2%)
	Chinese	6 (2.4%)
	Indian	1 (0.4%)
	Other	41 (16%)
Presence of hypertension		116 (45.5%)
Presence of diabetes		53 (20.8%)
Dialysis before biopsy		26 (10.2%)
Clinical syndrome	Isolated hematuria	4 (1.6%)
	Isolated non-nephrotic proteinuria	25 (9.8%)
	Hemo-proteinuria	26 (10.2%)
	Nephritic syndrome	2 (0.8%)
	RPGN	1 (0.4%)
	Nephrotic syndrome	62 (24.3%)
	Nephritic-nephrotic syndrome	10 (3.9%)
	AKI	28 (11%)
	CKD of undefined cause	92 (36.1%)
	Other	5 (2%)
Presence of urine RBC		108 (43.9%)	9
Presence of ANA		69 (29.5%)	31
Presence of anti-dsDNA		28 (15.5%)	74
Presence of ENA		28 (15.6%)	76
Presence of ANCA		8 (4.2%)	63
Presence of HBV		6 (2.6%)	27
Presence of HCV		2 (0.9%)	34
Presence of HIV		2 (1%)	45
Transplanted (vs. native) kidney		28 (11%)
If native, right (vs. left) kidney		3 (1.3%)
Procedurist	Radiologist 1	82 (34%)	15
	Radiologist 2	28 (11.6%)
	Radiologist 3	68 (28.2%)
	Radiologist 4	13 (5.4%)
	Radiologist 5	49 (20.3%)
	Radiologist 6	1 (0.4%)
CT (vs. USS) guidance		43 (16.9%)
Number of passes	1	1 (0.5%)	57
	2	183 (92.4%)
	3	11 (5.6%)
	4	3 (1.5%)
Number of cores	1	3 (1.5%)	48
	2	188 (90.8%)
	3	12 (5.8%)
	4	4 (1.9%)

RPGN: Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; RBC: Red blood cell; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; Anti-dsDNA: Anti-double stranded DNA; ENA: Extractable nuclear antigen antibodies; ANCA: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency virus; CT: Computer tomography; USS: Ultrasound scan.