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©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Nephrol. Jan 25, 2023; 12(1): 1-9
Published online Jan 25, 2023. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v12.i1.1
Published online Jan 25, 2023. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v12.i1.1
Table 1 Causes of urinary tract obstruction by anatomical level
| Level of urinary tract obstruction | Causes |
| Upper tract (kidney, ureter) | Calculi |
| Tumour | |
| Upper tract bleeding (e.g., bleeding renal cancers, traumatic) | |
| Anatomic abnormality (e.g., pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction) | |
| Papillae sloughing (e.g., pyelonephritis, tuberculosis) | |
| Ureteric stricture | |
| Ureterocoele | |
| Lower tract (bladder, prostate, urethra) | Calculi |
| Tumour | |
| Neurogenic bladder | |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | |
| Prostatitis | |
| Cystocoele | |
| Bleeding (i.e., clot retention) | |
| Urethral stricture | |
| Posterior urethral valves | |
| Extrinsic | Retroperitoneal fibrosis |
| Aneurysm | |
| Pregnancy | |
| Faecal impaction | |
| Pelvic organ prolapse | |
| Phimosis |
- Citation: Yaxley J, Yaxley W. Obstructive uropathy – acute and chronic medical management. World J Nephrol 2023; 12(1): 1-9
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v12/i1/1.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v12.i1.1