Opinion Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022.
World J Nephrol. Jan 25, 2022; 11(1): 1-12
Published online Jan 25, 2022. doi: 10.5527/wjn.v11.i1.1
Table 1 Studies about viruses in renal cell carcinoma
Ref.
Study type
Analyzed specimens
Virus investigated
Analysis method
Positive specimens
No. of cases and tumor type
No. of controls and tissue type
No. of positive cases and tumor type
No. of positive controls and tissue type
Kim et al[18], 2005Retrospective73 RCC (22 clear cell; 18 papillary; 20 chromophobe; 10 sarcomatoid; 3 oncocytoma)18 non-neoplastic kidneysEBVEBER-ISH and PCRs (for EBNA-1 and EBNA-3C)5/73 (all sarcomatoid histology) (EBER-ISH)2; 4/73 (all sarcomatoid histology) showed amplification of EBNA-10/18
Neirynck et al[17], 2012Case report1 RCC11 peritumoral tissueBKVIHC (for SV40 T antigen)65%-70% neoplastic cells< 1% non-neoplastic cells
Salehipoor et al[19], 2012Retrospective49 RCC16 non-neoplastic kidneysHPV; EBV; BKV; JCVNested PCR (virus DNA)7/49 HPV (5 clear cell; 1 chromophobe 1 mixed type) 0 EBV, BKV JCV0/16
Bulut et al[16], 2013Retrospective50 RCC45 non-neoplastic kidneysBKVNested PCR (BKV DNA) and RT-PCR (BKV mRNA)10/50 (Nested PCR) 8/50 (RT-PCR)2/45 non neoplastic kidneys (nested PCR, RT-PCR)
Farhadi et al[20], 2014Retrospective122 RCC (77 conventional; 26 papillary; 14 chromophobe; 1 collecting duct; 4 unclassified)96 peritumoral tissues, 19 non-neoplastic kidneysHR-HPVNested PCR (HR-HPV DNA). IHC (for p16INK4a and L1 Capsid Protein); CSAC-ISH37/122 (17 clear-cell; 13 papillary; 4 chromophobe; 3 unclassified) (PCR). 24/118 (IHC for p16INK4a3) 0/118 (IHC for L1 capsid protein); 18/122 (CSAC-ISH)4/96 peritumoral tissues; 0/19 non-neoplastic kidneys (PCR); 16/94 peritumoral tissue (IHC for p16INK4a); 0/94 peritumoral tissue (IHC for L1 capsid protein); NA (CSAC-ISH)
1Allograft kidney.
2EBER-positive signals were located only in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
3Human papillomavirus capsid protein.
RCC: Renal cell carcinoma; BKV: BK virus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; HPV: Human papillomavirus; JCV: JC virus; HR-HPV: High-risk human papillomavirus; Nested PCR: Nested polymerase chain reaction; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; EBER-ISH: EBV-encoded RNAs in situ hybridization; EBNA-1 and EBNA-3C: EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 and EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 3C; CSAC-ISH: Catalyzed signal-amplified colorimetric in situ hybridization; NA: Not available.