Prediction of mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review

Table 1 Study characteristics

Ref.	Country	Study type	n	Subject	Age, yr	Male, %	AUC for mortality (95%CI)	Follow-up
Dara et al[19], 2004	United States	Retrospective	476	HD patients	66	58	APACHE III on hospital mortality 0.76 (0.66-0.84) and 30-d mortality 0.78 (0.68-0.86); SOFA score on hospital mortality 0.65 (0.55-0.75) and 30-d mortality 0.66 (0.55-0.76)	-
Miskulin et al[20], 2004	United States	Prospective	1779	Outpatient dialysis patients	62	53	ICED 0.72 (0.69-0.75); CCI 0.67 (0.65-0.70); Wright- Khan indices 0.68 (0.65-0.70); Davies indices 0.68 (0.65-0.70)	1 yr
Wang et al[21], 2007	Hong Kong	Prospective	238	ESRD on continuous PD	55.7	51.3	cTnT 0.774 (0.706-0.841); High sensitivity CRP 0.691 (0.614-0.768	3 yr
Sun et al[22], 2008	China	Prospective	217	HD patients	65.4	62.2	BNP on CV events 0.61 (0.57-0.70); NT-proBNP on CV events 0.83 (0.75-0.91)	2 yr
Selim et al[23], 2010	Macedonia	Prospective	125	HD patients	48.8	-	BNP > 1200 pg/mL on CV mortality 0.612 (0.473-0.750); NT-proBNP > 10000 pg/mL on CV mortality 0.747 (0.677-0.816)	2 yr
Breidthardt et al[24], 2011	Switzerland	Retrospective	113	HD patients	67.9	60	BNP: all-cause mortality 0.70 (0.60-0.81); BNP: CV mortality 0.82 (0.73-0.90)	735 d
Tomaszuk-Kazberuk et al[25], 2011	Poland	Prospective	39	HD patients	59	63.8	Perfusion defects on MCE for death 0.752 (0.582-0.878)	3 yr
Chiang et al[26], 2016	Taiwan	Prospective	132	ESRD patients on PD	53.7	47.0	Short-term detrended fluctuation analysis (DFAα1) < 0.95-0.761 (0.617-0.905)	34 mo
Sato et al[27], 2017	Japan	Retrospective	302	HD patients	63.4	65.4	Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio for 1-yr mortality 0.791 (0.602-0.980)	1 yr
Wang et al[28], 2018	China	Prospective	300	CKD 3-5	60	53.6	UPCR for mortality 0.78 (0.72-0.84); eGFR for mortality 0.75 (0.69-0.81); Mitral E/E’ ratio for mortality 0.74 (0.67-0.80); LV mass index for mortality 0.72 (0.65-0.79); LVEF for mortality 0.50 (0.42-0.58)	68 mo
Wlazeł et al[29], 2018	Poland	Prospective	64	HD patients	66	66	SuPAR 0.84 (0.7-0.94)	3 yr
Danial et al[30], 2019	Malaysia	Retrospective	160	CKD 3-5 with adverse drug reaction	-	57.5	Mortality risk score model 0.789 (0.700-0.878)	Few weeks (until end date of ADRs)
Jagadeswaran et al[31], 2019	India	Prospective	129	Pre-dialysis CKD 3-5	50.6	51.2	Malnutrition inflammation score for mortality 0.709 (0.604-0.815)	36 mo
Mukai et al[32], 2019	Sweden	Prospective	261	CKD 5 (both dialysis and non-dialysis)	56	66	Skin autofluorescence for all-cause mortality 0.78 (0.71-0.86); Augmentation index for all-cause mortality 0.81 (0.75-0.87)	25 mo
Pladys et al[33], 2020	France	Retrospective	9052	ESRD on dialysis	68.4	-	Rennes score model 1(REIN and SNDS data) 0.789 (0.761–0.816); Model 2 (REIN data only) 0.794 (0.768-0.821); Wright classification 0.631 (0.621-0.639); Modified CCI 0.703 (0.689-0.716)	1 yr
Shahidi et al[34], 2020	Iran	Retrospective	824	HD patients	57.9	61.8	Hemoglobin change on mortality 0.61 (0.56-0.65)	24.08 mo
Gan et al[35], 2021	Australia	Prospective	243	CKD 3-4	65.6	62.6	Left atrial reservoir strain for CV death 0.84 (0.76-0.90)	3.9 yr
Rroji et al[36], 2021	Albania	Prospective	125	ESRD on dialysis	52.4	60.0	CRP on CV mortality 0.80 (0.73-0.92); Left ventricular mass index on CV mortality 0.76 (0.65-0.88); Ratio of early mitral inflow velocity/annular diastolic velocity (E/E’) on CV mortality 0.75 (0.64-0.86); Systolic pulmonary artery pressure on CV mortality 0.80 (0.68-0.92); Pulse pressure on CV mortality 0.72 (0.60-0.84)	2 yr

APACHE: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; AUC: Area under receiver operating characteristic curve; BMI: Body mass index; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; CAPD: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CI: Confidence interval; cTnT: Cardiac troponin T; CV: Cardiovascular; E/E’: Ratio of early inflow velocity/annular diastolic velocity; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; HD: Hemodialysis; ICED: Index of coexisting disease; LV: Left ventricular; MCE: Myocardial contrast echocardiography; ND: Non-dialysis; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; PAP: Pulmonary artery pressure; PD: Peritoneal dialysis; REIN: Renal epidemiology and information network; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; SNDS: French national health insurance information system; SuPAR: Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; UPCR: Urine protein creatinine ratio.