Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Virology. Aug 12, 2015; 4(3): 219-244
Published online Aug 12, 2015. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i3.219
Table 1 Canonical histone modifications implicated in TGS and TGA
Histone residueModificationFunctionWritersErasersReadersReviewed in
H3K4AcTranscription activation[228]
me1 (enhancer sequences)me2/me3 (regulatory elements at the 5' end of active genes, and in poised genes)Transcription activationTranscription activation, resolution of bivalency from poised genesSET1 (tri)[229], SET7 (mono)[230], MLL[231], SMYD2[232]LSD1 (mono and di)[233], JARID1A/KDM5A JARID1B/KDM5B (di and tri)[234]CHD1[235], RAG2[236], TAF3[237], BPTF[238], BHC80[239], ING FAMILY[240], PYGO2[241][166,242]
H3T6PhosphorylationTranscription activationPKC BLSD1[243]
H3K9Acme1/me2me3 (non-genic regions, centromeric heterochromatin, satellite sequences, long terminal repeats)Transcription activation, histone depositionGCN5/PCAF[244]SIRT6[245]BRD4[246][247]
Transcritional silencing, heterochromatinSUV39H1/2[143], G9a[248], SETDB1[249]JMJD1A/KDM3A[250], JMJD1B/KDM3B[251], JMJD1C/TRIP8, JMJD2A/KDM4A (B/C/D)[252]HP1[253], EED 17406994), TDRD7[254], MPP8[255], UHRF1/2[256], GLP[248], CDY FAMILY[257]
H3K27me1/me2/me3, heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatinTranscritional silencing, heterochromatin, poised genesEZH2, EZH1[258]JMJD1A/KDM3A, JMJD1B/KDM3B, KDM6A/UTX, JMJD3/KDM68, JMJD3/KDM6B[259]Cbx proteins[165], EED[260][166,261]
H3K36AcTranscription activationGCN5, PCAF[244][262]
me1/me2 (in the body and 3' end of genes)me2/me3 (gene bodies)Transcription elongationNSD1, NSD2[263], SET2[264], SMYD2[232], MMSET[265]ASH1[266], JHDM1[267], JHDM1A/KDM2A, JHDM1B/KDM2B[268]ISW1B[269]
H4K20me1 me2me3 (non-genic regions, centromeric heterochromatin, satellite sequences, long terminal repeatsTranscritional silencing, heterochromatin, repression of proinflammatory genesPR-SET7/SET8[270] SUV420H1, SUV420H2[274]SUV420H2[274], SMYD5[275]PHF8[271]PHF2[275]PHF2[275]L3MBTL1[272]PHF20[276], L3MBTL1[277]NcoR[275][273]
H: Histone; K: Lysine residue; T: Threonine residue; me1: Monomethlyation; me2: Di-methylation; m3: Tri-methylation; SET1: Su(var)3-9, Enhacer of Zeste, Trithorax protein 1; SMYD2: SET and MYND domain containing protein 2; MLL: Mixed lienage leukemia protein; PKC-β: Protein kinase C beta; GCN5: general control nonderepressible-5; PCAF: P300/CBP associated factor; SUV39H1/2: Suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1 or 2; SETDB1: SET domain bifurcated 1; NSD1: Nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1; MMSET: Multiple myeloma SET domain; PR-SET7/SET8: SET domain containing lysine methyltransferase 8; LSD1: Lysine (K) specific demethylase 1; JARID1A/KMT5: Jumonji/ARID 1 domain containing protein 1A; SIRT6: Sirtuin 6; JMJD1A: Jumonji domain containing protein 1A; ASH1: Absent small or homeotic like 1; JHMD1: Jmjc domain containing histone demethylase 1; PHF8: PHD finger protein 8; CHD1: Chromodomain-helicase-DNA binding protein 1; RAG2: Recombination activating gene 2; TAF3: TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor; BPTF: Bromodomain and PHD finger containing transcription factor; ING Family: Inhibitor of growth; PYGO2: Pygopus family PHD finger 2; BRD4: Bromodomain-containing protein 4; TDRD7: Tudor domain-containing protein 7; MPP8: Methyl-H3K9-binding protein 8; UHRF1/2: Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domains 1 or 2; CDY Family: Chromodomain Y chromosome family; GLP: G9a-like protein; ISWI1B: Imitation switch protein 1B; L3MBTL1: Lethal (3) malignant brain tumor-like protein 1; NcoR: Nuclear receptor coRepresor.