Viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infections in Asia

Table 2 Antiretroviral therapies for hepatitis B virus/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection, and drug-resistant mutations in Asian countries

	Indonesia	Japan	Thailand	Vietnam	China	India
Recommendation for ART on HBV/HIV co-infection	Initiate with WHO clinical stage IV and/or a CD4 count less than 200/mm3[40]	TDF + 3TC/FTC-based regimen	Screening for HBV. Two antiretroviral regimen with anti-HBV/anti-HIV activity (e.g., TDF, 3TC)	TDF-based regimen	Combination of TDF with FTC or 3TC	HBeAg positivity is indicator to initiate ART with combination of two dually-active drugs
Currently used therapy for HBV/HIV co-infection	Telbivudine (LDT) Lamivudine (3TC) Zidovudine (ZDV) Nevirapine (NVP) Efavirenz (EFV) Stavudine (d4T) Tenofovir (TDF)	3TC Entecavir (ETV) TDF Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) Emtricitabine (FTC)	3TC Nevirapine (NVP) EFV Stavudine (d4T)	Stavudine (d4T) 3TC NVP	d4T ZDV 3TC NVP EFV[41]	ZDV 3TC NVP EFV d4T[42]
Drug-resistant mutation	Lamivudine M204I M204I + L180M	Lamivudine1V173L + L180M + M204V Lamivudine L180M, M204V, L217R M184V, I195M	Lamivudine M204V/I	Lamivudine L180M M204V		Lamivudine1M204VL180M

¹Lamibudin naïve case. WHO: World Health Organization; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; FTC: Emtricitabine; TDF: Tenofovir; LDT: Telbivudine; ETV: Entecavir; ZDV: Zidovudine; ADV:Adefovir dipivoxil; NVP: Nevirapine.