New advances on glial activation in health and disease

Table 1 Immunological molecules expressed in astrocytes and associated conditions

Immunological molecules	Effects	Conditions
Class II MHC	Autoimmune reactions	MS
ICAM-1, VCAM-1	Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines	MS, AD
B7 (B7-1, B7-2)	T cell activation and differentiation	EAE
CD40	Promotes production of cytokines, chemokines, and neurotoxins	MS
CD1 (CD1b)	Antigen presentation to specialized T-cells	MS

MHC: Major immunohistocompatibility complex; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecule; VCAM: Vascular cell adhesion molecule; CD: Cluster of differentiation; MS: Multiple sclerosis; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalitis.